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V. 



METHOD 



PHILOLOGICAL STUDY 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



FRANCIS A. MARCH, 

PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, AND LECTURER ON 

COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN LAFAYETTE 

COLLEGE, E ASTON, PA. 







NEW YORK: 
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 

FRANKLIN SQUARE. 
1 8 G 5. 



.M 3 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and sixty -five, by 

Harper & Brothers, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District 
of New York. 



PREFACE. 



Classical Philology regards language mainly as literature, and 
studies grammar in connection with etymology, rhetoric, poetry, and 
criticism. A thorough method of philological study plainly has ques- 
tions to ask of psychology, since the general laws of language are on 
one side also laws of mind ; it includes the study of the history and 
character of a race and their language, and of the nature in which they 
have lived, since from these result the peculiar laws and idioms of a 
language, and the power of special words and phrases over the national 
heart ; it includes the study of the life and times, and of the character 
of the author, since his idiotisms are a resultant of the influences of the 
age and his own genius ; it implies the study of many books in many 
languages, since it is only by a comparison of works of different nations 
and ages that we can find out the peculiarities of each nation, age, and 
person, and trace the influences from which a great work has sprung, 
and the influences which it has exerted on other minds and on lan- 
guage. The science of language (Comparative Philology) has a still 
wider range ; it seeks to know and reduce to system all the facts and 
laws of speech, and to ground them in laws of mind and of the organs 
of speech : there is no nook of man's mind, or heart, or will, no part 
of his nature or history, into which the student of language may not 
be called to look. An attempt has been made in this book to select 
such topics as may be taught to students in our high schools in con- 
nection with the critical study of a few English authors, and to arrange 
questions upon them, so as to enable a teacher to begin philological 
study without embarrassment, and to go on with it with success. The 
method is progressive. Similar questions are iterated and reiterated ; 
the teacher should reiterate without end, that the dullest may be made 
to run in the right ruts. 

In studying the life and times of each author, the students should 
look up information every where : scraps from novels like Scott's, from 
reviews and magazines, are not to be despised. The habit of investi- 



IV PREFACE. 

gating and writing out results makes the full man and the exact man 
at once ; it divests composition of ninety-nine parts of its horrors, and 
it quickens thought ninety-nine times as much as beating the brain for 
original brilliancies. If, however, books are not to be had, the teacher 
should give the needed facts and thoughts in a lecture, and the students 
should take notes and rewrite. 

There are many questions, especially among the introductory and the 
synoptical, which may be answered yes or no with little improvement : 
essays should be written embodying all these in connected discourse. 

A large part of the questions call for comparison of the language of 
different authors, and of all with the English Bible. It is taken for 
granted that these greatest of English classics will be always at hand 
and in use. A special discussion of the language of the English trans- 
lations of the Bible was to have completed this book, but has been cut 
off by want of room. 

The figures often do not refer to any full answer to the questions ; 
when reasons are asked for, or connection of thought, the student must 
hope to find little more than explanation of terms, and a starting-point 
for his own thinking. Fowler's English Language has more philolog- 
ical matter than his school grammar, and may be used throughout by 
means of Appendix D. In the study of Chaucer, and once in a while 
elsewhere, there are references to the fountains. 

It is a good thing for those who are studying other languages to 
translate the English text into one or more of them. They should also 
be plied with questions on Comparative Grammar and Philology. 

Many college professors wish to teach English, but can not get time 
for it. The Professor of Rhetoric, into whose hands this study oftenest 
falls, usually controls the writing of the classes, or some of them. Would 
not a weekly written exercise embodying answers to the questions in 
this book or to others like them, continued for a term or two, and fol- 
lowed by an examination, do something toward a thorough study of the 
English language and of English literature ? 

The name and form of this book are taken from the Method of Clas- 
sical Study, by Dr. Taylor, of Andover, to whom we all owe so much. 

Easton, Pa., December ■, 1864. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



The method is progressive, 
are kept up to the end. 

Syntax ..... ^ 

Grammatical Equivalents I 

Rhetorical Forms [ 

Historical Elements.... 



J 



Punctuation 

Poetical Forms. 

Epic Art 

Etymology of Pronouns 

Pronominal Elements 

Instinctive Forms 

Dramatic Art , 

Creative Power in Language 

Derivation ^ 

Romance of Chivalry > 

Spenserian Stanza ) 

Phonetic Elements . 

Orthographic Elements. ...... 

Historical Elements 

Criticism of uncertain Text.. ) 

Model of Analysis , 

Table of Historical Elements.., 
Grimm's Law , 

Collation of Sections in Fowler 



Questions on each topic, once begun, 



Bunyan, his Times, Life, Works, PAGKS 
Language. The Pilgrim's 
Progress 7-15 

Milton, his Times, etc. Para- 
dise Lost : 16-36 



Shakespeare. Julius Caesar.. 37-73 



Spenser. Faery Queen 74-87 



Chaucer. Canterbury Tales... 88-109 



111,112 

113,114 

115 

's Grammars, 1 2mo and 8 vo 11 6-1 1 8 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



V prefixed marks a root ; — prefixed marks a suffix ; - suffixed marks 
a prefix ; + suffixed to the number of a page or section means and the 
following, elsewhere + means together with ; < or > is placed between 
two words when one is derived from the other, the angle pointing to the 
derived word ; < may be read from, > whence; = means equivalent to; 
: means akin to ; " over words indicates that they are to be treated in 
some respect as one. 

Engl. means English. 

Fr. means French. 

Ger. means German. 

Gr. means Greek. 

It. means , Italian. 

Lat. means Latin. 

M. Lat. means Latin of the Middle Ages. 

O. E. means Old English. 

O. Fr. means Old French. 

Sanscr. means Sanscrit. 

Semi-Saxon means Layamon. 

Sp. means Spanish. 

Figures alone refer to sections of Fowler's English Grammar, 12mo. 
In other cases they refer to volume and page. 

Becker. A Grammar of the German Language. By K. F. Becker. 

Bopp. A Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit, etc. By Prof. F. 
Bopp. 

JDiez, B. G. Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen. Von Friedrich 
Diez. 2 te Ausgabe. 

Dwight. Modern Philology. By B. W. Dwight. 

Fiedler and Sachs. Wissenschaftliche Grammatik der Englischen 
Sprache. 

Grimm, D. G. Deutsche Grammatik. Von Dr. Jacob Grimm. 

Guest, E. B. A History of English Rhythms. By Edwin Guest, 
Esq., etc. 

Latham, E. L. The English Language. By R. G. Latham, M.A., 
etc. 4th Ed. 

Marsh, E. L. Lectures on the English Language. By George P. 
Marsh. 

Marsh, E. L. L. The English Language and its Early Literature. 
By George P. Marsh. 

Trench. On the Study of Words. By R. C. Trench, B.D., etc. 

Trench. English Past and Present. By R. C. Trench, B.D., etc. 

Unabr. Gram. The English Language in its Elements and Forms, 
with a History of its Origin and Development. By William C. Fowler, 
LL.D. (References to Sections.) 



METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 



THE BEGINNING OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. 

Introductory. — Write an account of the life and works 
of Bunyan ; especially of the Pilgrim's Progress, the cir- 
cumstances under which it was written, its character, its 
influence and fame. — (See Chambers's Cyclopaedia of En- 
glish Literature, or Cleveland's Compendium of English 
Literature, and works there referred to.) 

What famous Englishmen lived at the same time with Bunyan? 
Was he an associate of any of them ? How old was he when the Para- 
dise Lost was publisher? Does he show any knowledge of it ? What 
important events occurred in England during his life? In America? 
Did he take part in any of them ? When and where was the Pilgrim's 
Progress written ? How old was Bunyan then ? What scholastic prep- 
aration had he for writing a great work ? What preparation from self- 
culture, preaching, writing? From religious experience? Had he, on 
the whole, been long and well trained for this work ? What external 
circumstances helped him ? His imprisonment ? What books had he 
in prison ? Was it a good thing that he had those only ? Were the 
times favorable to such a work? How so? Did the Pilgrim's Progress 
take rank at once among the great works of genius ? Does it now ? 
On what grounds ? 

What is an allegory ? 432. Had Bunyan scriptural example for this 
mode of teaching ? What difference between an allegory and a para- 
ble? 432, 460. Are there any beings in classic mythology analogous 
to the characters of Bunyan ? What difference between an allegory and 
a myth ? Did Bunyan write other allegories ? What famous English 
metrical allegory ? What are the peculiar merits of the Pilgrim's Prog- 



8 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

As I walked through the wilderness of this 
world, I lighted on a certain place where was a 

(Study Becker's Syntax, 404-415, and Rhetorical Forms, 470-476. 
Write an analysis. A model is given in Appendix A.) 

Read the first clause ! "As — world." Is it a leading or a depend- 
ent clause? Read the leading clause! " I— place." What kind of 
sentence is it — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or 
optative? 404. What is the verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. What 
words make the predicative combination? 405. On is the sign of a 
combination between what words? Lighted -\- on place is what kind of 
combination ? 407. Does on place complete or extend the predicate ? 
408. "Why so ? Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause ? 408. 
Cert ain-\- place is what kind of combination ? 406. Is not certain super- 
fluous? If so, have we tautology, pleonasm, or verbosity? 473. A-\- 
place is what kind of combination? 406. Colloquial form of lighted? 
What grammatical equivalent for lighted on a place ? 412. Can you 
give a better expression ? If so, explain why you think it better ! What 
is the next clause? Why do you give "As — world" before "Where — 
den f What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Sub- 
stantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. As anfcverb it modifies what? 
What kind of adverb is it — of place, time, cause, condition, or manner? 
411, III. What grammatical equivalents for as I walked? 412 + . 
What is the connective ? 396, IV. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 
174. Predicative combination ? 405. Through is a sign of combina- 
tion between what two words? Walked '+ through wilderness is what 
kind of combination ? 407. Does through wilderness complete or ex- 
tend the predicate? 408. Why so? Is it an adjunct of time, place, 
mode, or cause? 408. The -{-wilderness is what kind of combination ? 
406. Which note in 370 describes this use of the? Of is a sign of 
combination between what words? Wilderness + of 'world is what kind 
of combination? 406. Why so? Does of usually connect two nouns 
in an attributive relation ? Is any other preposition like it in that re- 
spect? What reason for this in its meaning? This + world is what 
kind of combination? 406. Is of this world logically a partitive or ap- 
positive ? 359, 362, VII. What grammatical equivalent for this clause, 
using a possessive case? 357, IV. Using an adjective for wilderness? 
for of world? 

What is the next clause? "Where — den." What kind of clause — 



BUNYAN. 9 

den, and laid me down in that place to sleep ; 

subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 
411, II. What noun does it describe? What grammatical equivalent 
for where containing a relative pronoun ? 412, 396, VIII. What is the 
connective? 396, IV. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Predi- 
cate ? 353, 408. Of the three predications mentioned in 353 as possi- 
ble, which is this ? Can not position be predicated ? Can an adverb 
of place be a true predicate? — (Unabridged Gram., 539, II., 5.) A + 
den is what kind of combination? 406. What peculiarity of collocation 
in this clause? 356. Is this case described in 356? A grammatical 
equivalent giving the present Idiom for this clause ? One reversing the 
collocation ? One abridging this clause so as to include it in the for- 
mer ? Have the three first clauses the best possible collocation ? Why 
not put the leading clause first? How could the others be arranged 
then ? What objection to each arrangement ? Can grammatical equiv- 
alents be used which will make the clause now first in place the lead- 
ing clause ? Would it not be better to say, / was walking when I light- 
ed? Why not? 

What is the next clause ? What kind of clause — subordinate or co- 
ordinate? 409. Co-ordinate with what? (Name a clause always by 
giving its verb, e.g., in answer to the last question, say, The clause in 
which lighted is the verb.) Is it copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or 
causal? 410. What is the connective? 410. The verb? 175, IV. 
Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Predicative combination? 405. 
Eirst objective combination ? 407. What kind — completing or extend- 
ing? 408. Is laid me a true reflective? 286. What grammatical equiv- 
alents for it? 374, V., VI, Would not I assumed a recumbent jiosition 
be better? 473. Would mot I lay be better? Why not? 473. What 
is the second objective combination ? Is it completing or extending ? 

408. Why so? An adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. 
What is the third objective combination ? What combination is in the 
sign of ? That-\-place is what kind of combination? 406. What gram- 
matical equivalent for in that place ? 412. Would it not be better rhe- 
torically not to repeat the word placet Why not? Wliat is the fourth 
objective combination ? What grammatical equivalent for to sleep ? 413, 
5. Why is to sleep called an abridged sentence ? Is the grammatical 
equivalent which you give for it a subordinate or co-ordinate sentence ? 

409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial ? 41 1. In what government ? 

A2 



10 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

and, as I slept, I dreamed a dream. I dreamed, 
and, behold, I saw a man clothed with rags, 

411, 1, 5. Does to here have its proper force as a preposition ? What 
force ? 388, II. Can you illustrate by using a noun and preposition in 
the clause ? Which is better here, rhetorically, to repose or to sleep ? 
Why? 473. 

Who is the /in this sentence ? Is walked through the wilderness, etc., 
allegorical? 432. What is the literal meaning? The metaphorical? 
Is the language drawn from the Bible ? (Judges, xi., 16 ; Psalm xxiii., 
4; and study Cruden's Concordance.) Is lighted on a certain place a 
biblical expression? (Gen., xxviii., 11.) ' Is the use of den allegorical? 
What are its two meanings ? Is there a biblical association intended ? 
(Hebrews, xi., 38.) Is / laid me, etc., biblical ? (Psalms iii., 5. ; iv., 8 : 
Gen., xxviii., 11.) Did Bunyan have Gen., xxviii., 10+ distinctly be- 
fore him here ? Can you state a simile in which the Pilgrim's Prog- 
ress shall be compared to Jacob's ladder ? 467. 

What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. 
Co-ordinate with what clause ? (Name the clause by its verb.) What 
is the connective? 410. The verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. Pre- 
dicative combination? 405. Objective combination? 407. What at- 
tributive combination ? 406. What name is applied in 385, VIII., 360, 
to an objective relation like that of dream? Is cognate objective ox fac- 
titive object the better name for dream? Why? Is dreamed a dream a 
biblical expression ? Gen., xxxvii., 5-10. Is there not tautology, ple- 
onasm, or verbosity in this clause ? 473. 

What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. 
Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411, III. Completing or extend- 
ing? 411, III. An adjunct of place, time, cause, condition, or man- 
ner? 411, III. What is the verb? 175, IV. The subject ? 174. The 
predicative combination? 405. Does slept denote momentary or con- 
tinued action ? Why not say / ivas sleeping ? 255. Why not say while 
sleeping ? Why not say during the season of repose ? Why not put this 
clause after dream ? 

The next clause ? What kind of sentence— declarative, interroga- 
tive, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. What kind of combi- 
nation ? 405. Is this anadiplosis ? 435. 

The next clause ? Of what clause is behold the verb ? What is its 
subject ? 380, VIII. What kind of sentence ? 404. The clause has 



BUNYAN. 11 

standing in a certain place, with his face from 
his own house, a book in his hand, and a great 
burden upon his back. 

the syntax of what part of speech ? 305. What is the verb in the clause 
with and? Its subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Clothed combines 
with w r hat ? What kind of combination ? 406. Rags combines with 
what? What kind of combination? 407. Which word is the sign of 
this combination ? Standing combines with what ? What kind of com- 
bination ? 406. Is in a certain place necessary to the sense ? Is there 
tautology, pleonasm, or verbosity in the clause ? 473. What combina- 
tion is in the sign of? What attributive combinations with place ? 406. 
What combination is ivith the sign of? What grammatical equivalent 
for ivith his face? 412 -f. What combination is from the sign of? 
Face^r house? 406. Does from usually denote an attributive combina- 
tion ? What ellipsis here ? 354, 403. Does from his own house mean 
from home ? Why prefer the former expression ? What attributive 
combinations with house ? 406. Is his own house etymolo'gically an 
equivalent for his house that he owned? What does book combine with? 
What ellipsis with it — ivith, or having, or who had, or being ? 354, 403. 
Why so ? What ellipsis between book and hand ? What combination 
is in the sign of? What does and connect — two sentences, or like parts 
of the same sentence? 401. Supply an ellipsis after and so that it may 
connect two sentences ! What attributive combinations with burden? 
406. Burden is parsed like what preceding word ? Upon is the sign of 
what combination — bur den -f back, or borne + back? Is upon his back 
equivalent to an adjective or to an adverb ? Are the traits mentioned 
in a natural order — (1) clothed, (2) standing, (3) facing, etc. ? Wiry re- 
peat / dreamed at the beginning of this sentence ? 435. Is it a poet- 
ical form? (Compare Longfellow's Hiawatha.) What grammatical 
equivalent to incorporate it in the next clause ? Would not / saw in 
my dream be better? Grammatical equivalent for clothed with rags? 
412 + . Why not say ragged? Pro v., xxiii., 21. What is the meta- 
phorical sense? Isaiah, lxiv., 6. What is the rhetorical effect of in a 
certain place ? 473. Is not place repeated too often ? Amend the lan- 
guage, or defend it! Metaphorical sense of face from his own house? 
Luke, xiv., 33. What book is in his hand ? Metaphorical sense of bur- 
den upon his back? Psalm xxxviii., 4. What danger from frequent el- 



12 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

I looked, and saw him open the book and read 
therein ; and, as he read, he wept, and trembled; 

lipsis? 470. Can you supply, or omit, or alter any words so as to add 
to the perspicuity or liveliness of the sentence? 4 70 + . 

What is the next clause ? What kind of sentence — declarative, in- 
terrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. What kind of 
combination? 405. 

What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. 
Co-ordinate with what clause? (Name it by its verb.) Is it copula- 
tive, adversative, disjunctive, or causal? 410. What is the connect- 
ive? 410. The verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. By what figure 
is the subject omitted ? 354. What is the rhetorical effect of ellipsis ? 
403. What direct object ? 360. What relation has him to open ? Why 
is the subject of the infinitive put in the objective ? Is it usually the 
same when expressed as the object of the preceding verb ? 388, VI. Gov- 
ernment of open ? 388, III. Does it complete or extend the predicate ? 

408, I., e. What grammatical equivalent for him open? Which note 
in 370 describes the use of the here? Why not say that hook? What 
does and connect? Read combines with what? What kind of combi- 
nation ? 408. Read -r therein is what kind of combination? 408. Com- 
position of therein ? Which pronoun is there from ? 23G. What gram- 
matical equivalent for therein containing the pronoun that? 396, VIII. 

Next clause? What kind of clause? 409, 410. Co-ordinate with 
what clause ? (Name it by its leading verb.) What is the connective ? 
410. Verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Combination? 405. What is 
wept from? Is it a weak or strong verb? 276. Why not wepdf 85-87. 

Next clause ? What kind of clause ? Subordinate or co-ordinate ? 

409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. As an adverb it mod- 
ifies what ? What kind of adverb ? Of place, time, cause, condition, 
or manner? 411, III., 2. What grammatical equivalent for as? 412 + . 
Is not while more precise ? Is it not better ? Does read denote contin- 
ued action ? Is not while he icas reading better ? Why not put this 
clause after wept? What effect on the perspicuity of and trembled? 
What effect on the anadiplosis? 435. 

Next clause? What kind of clase? 409. Co-ordinate with what 
clause? Is the order natural — (1) wept, (2) trembled, (3) cried? What 
rhetorical figure ? 444. Which word is the connective ? 410. The verb ? 
175, IV. Subject? 174. By what figure is the subject omitted? 354. 



BUNYAX. 13 

and, not being able longer to contain, lie brake 

What rhetorical effect has the ellipsis ? 403. What biblical reference 
here? Acts, xvi., 30 + . Is it an allusion? 433. 

Xext clause? What kind of clause? 409. Co-ordinate with what 
clause ? The connective ? 4 10. The verb ? 175, IV. The subject ? 1 74. 
What attributive combinations with he? 406. Not combines with what? 
Kind of combination ? 407. Being combines with what ? Kind of com- 
bination ? 406. Able combines with what ? Longer combines with what ? 
What combination is to the sign of? Does to have its usual meaning as 
a preposition here ? Give a grammatical equivalent for able to contain 
which shall use some other preposition ? Is contain used now as it is 
here? What grammatical equivalent for it in use now? 412 + . What 
is the biblical idiotism? 1 Corinthians, vii., 9. Explain the meaning 
of contain himself! W r hat does himself mean ? What does out combine 
with? Kind of combination? 407. Kind of adjunct? 408. What con- 
nection of thought between the common meaning of brake and its mean- 
ing here ? What is broken in this case ? Connection of thought be- 
tween the common meanings of out and its meaning here ? Forth from 
what does it mean? What combination is with the sign of? Brake + 
with cry is what kind of combination? 407. With cry completes or ex- 
tends the predicate? 408. Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or 
cause? 408. What attributive combinations with cry? 406. What 
does saying combine with? Brake -{-saying is what kind of combina- 
tion? 408. Completing or extending? 408, 2, d. What other name 
for a participle used adverbially ? (Gerund, Unabr. Gram., 539, VI., 2.) 
How many abridged sentences in this clause? What grammatical 
equivalents for being, to contain, and saying, will develop this clause into 
four clauses? 412 + . What rhetorical grounds for preferring the pres- 
ent form ? Is it favorable to perspicuity ? 470-472. To liveliness ? 473. 

Next clause? What kind of sentence in form? 404. Direct or in- 
direct interrogative ? 404. In relation to the former clause is this clause 
subordinate or co-ordinate? Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. 
-How is it parsed as a substantive? 411, 1, 3. What is its verb? 175, 
IV. Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Predicative combination? 
405. Objective combination ? 407. Peculiarity of collocation of what ? 
361, 3S6. Of I? 356, 1 ; 384, 7. What grammatical equivalent for 
shall do containing an infinitive with to? 271, 3. Analyze shall do ; parse 
shall alone! 271, III. Does it here have its primitive sense of ought? 



14 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

out with a lamentable cry, saying, "What shall I 
do? 

256, 272. State its precise meaning ! In what mode is do when parsed 
separate from shall? 389. Is this the objective or gernndial infinitive? 
389, 263. Whence is this language drawn ? Acts, ii., 37; xvi., 30. 

Synoptical. How many verbs in the active voice are found in the 
extract now analyzed ? How many in the passive voice ? What is the 
rhetorical effect of the active as compared with the passive ? Which 
makes the actor more prominent ? Is the actor necessarily mentioned 
at all with the passive ? Is the management of the verbs in this passage 
well suited to lively description? How many nouns in the extract? 
How many descriptive adjectives ? Are they noticeably many or few ? 
Would it not embellish the style to use more — e. g., "As I walked soli- 
tary and alone through the icaste howling wilderness of this sin-polluted 
world, " etc. ? How many descriptive adverbs? Can you point out how 
more might have been used with good effect ? How many personal pro- 
nouns in the extract ? Are they noticeably many or few ? What is the 
rhetorical effect of using many? 222, 226, 228. Unabridged Gram., 
291 + . Are they signs of personality and life? Would it not be bet- 
ter to put ive for I? 226. What is egotism ? Is it usually lively ? Why? 
How many independent, co-ordinate, and substantive clauses in the ex- 
tract ? How many adjective and adverbial clauses ? What is the rhe- 
torical effect of the substantive clause — e.g., " Saying, What shall I do?" 
compared with the adjective — e. g., "Inquiring as to the duties which he 
ought to perform ?" 473, 474. Why is the former more lively than the 
latter ? What connection has this with the remark in 474 about con- 
junctions ? How many points can you specify in which Bunyan's syn- 
tax is specially suited to allegorical writing? 

How many words in this extract not of Anglo-Saxon origin? {Cer- 
tain, place, face, tremble, able, contain, lamentable, cry.') Is this a large 
number for good English? (See Appendix B.) Do these words con- 
tribute their share to the expressiveness of the passage ? Can you sub- 
stitute better words from the Anglo-Saxon? Are any of them not bib- 
lical ? Do 43, 61-64, understate the expressiveness of the Romanic por- 
tion of English ? Is the monosyllabic character of English (95) inher- 
ited from the Anglo-Saxon ? Should Bunyan be expected to use a very 
large proportion of Anglo-Saxon words — from his education ? from his 
subject ? from those for whom he wrote ? from his favorite books ? from 



BUNYAN". 15 

any other considerations ? 15-22,42, 43, 59-65? Is Bunyan's diction 
(his words and phrases) drawn from the Bible ? Is this a merit ? Why ? 
What intrinsic merits has the language of the English Bible? Is it 
made more perspicuous by early familiarity ? What of its associations ? 
How many particulars can you specify in which Bunyan's diction is 
specially adapted to an allegory like the Pilgrim's Progress ? Does Bun- 
yan use any poetical forms ? What one is found in "1 z^alked through 
the zdlderness of this ivovld ?" 491. What in the repetition of I dreamed? 
(Compare Longfellow's Hiawatha.) Is a peculiar regular recurrence 
of accent to be found in the prose of the Pilgrim's Progress ? Can you 
give striking examples of it ? W 7 hat kind of meter is the following ex- 
tract? 522. 

"So they went up to the Mountains, to "behold the gardens and orchards, 
The vineyards and fountains of water ; where also they drank and washed themselves, 
And did freely eat of the vineyards. Now there were on the tops of those Mountains, 
Shepherds feeding their flocks ; and they stood by the highway-side. 
The Pilgrims therefore went to them, and leaning upon their staffs, 
As is common with weary pilgrims, when they stand to talk with any by the way, 
They ask-ed, Whose Delectable Mountains are these? 
And whose be the sheep, that feed upon them ?" 

(The length of these lines is determined by the sense ; both halves of 
the line usually cut a foot. The incorrect punctuation is copied as 
showing perception of the meter. As dactylic hexameters the first two 
verses would be : 

So' they went | up' to the I Mountains X V be|hold' the I gar'dens and I orch'ards, the 
Vine'yards and ! fountains of I wa'ter ; t where 1 al'so they 1 drank' and I wash'ed them-) 

Does the dactylic cadence run throughout the Pilgrim's Progress? 
Is it specially suited to this kind of writing ? What likeness in Homer's, 
Goethe's, Longfellow's use of it ? What likeness to the alliterative me- 
ters of the North? 491. What of the capacity of English for dactylic 
meter in view of the Pilgrim's Progress ? Was Bunyan a maker of 
rhymes and verses ? Did he write any dactylic verses ? Or know any 
thing of the classic meters? Was he a true poet? If so, why did he 
not write better verses ? 



MILTON, 



THE BEGINNING OF PARADISE LOST. 
Introductory. — Write an account of the life and works 
of Milton ; especially of the Paradise Lost, Milton's prepa- 
ration for it, the circumstances under which it was written, 
its character, influence, and fame. — (See Chambers's Cyclo- 
paedia of English Literature, or Cleveland's Compendium 
of English Literature, and works there referred to.) 

Was Milton's father an author? Was his mother a remarkable wom- 
an ? Had he remarkable brothers or sisters for companions in youth ? 
What religious influences surrounded his childhood? Who prepared 
him for college? While preparing, did he study hard? Read much? 
What favorite books? Is it supposed that Du Bartas already turned his 
thoughts in the direction of Paradise Lost? Did he write? What? 
Did his style show ''vital signs?" How did he spend his time in col- 
lege ? What friends there ? Did he write any thing of note ? What 
in English? In other languages? How long did he stay in college? 
When did he say that he cared not how late he came into life, only that he 
came Jit ? When did he visit Italy ? What had he then written ? What 
illustrious Italians were then living? What acquaintance did he have 
with any of them ? Did he there become acquainted with works on the 
same subject as Paradise Lost ? What ? When did he return ? Why 
so soon ? What eminent Englishmen were his contemporaries ? Was 
he a friend of Cromwell ? What great events took place in England 
during his life ? What part did he take in public affairs ? What did 
he write on such affairs ? When did he become blind ? When is the 
Paradise Lost supposed to have been first conceived ? Was it origin- 
ally cast as an epic poem, or tragedy? What are the main points in 
Milton's description of his calling to greatness in the preface to the sec- 



MILTON. 17 

Of mans first disobedience and the fruit 

(Write an analysis. Study Poetical Forms, 477-541, and Punctuation, 542-564, as 
well as the sections referred to before.) 

True musical delight consists only in apt numbers, fit quantity of syllables, and the 
sense variously drawn out from one verse into another — Milton. 

In what meter is Paradise Lost written ? 500. Why is it called iambic ? What is 
an iambus ? 4S3. Why is the meter cabled pentameter ? 500. Why is it called blank 
verse ? 493. What is a csesura ? 483. Scan the first verse ! Is any foot not a pure 
iambus ? 4S3. What syllables make the fourth foot ? Has either an accent or em- 
phasis in correct reading? 103. What is a foot of three unaccented syllables called? 
4S3. Where is the caesura? 4S3. (After disobedience.) Does it aid the tribrach? 
How ? Is the second foot a pure iambus ? Is first a simple unaccented syllable ? 
What is meant by calling the second 'foot a quasi-spondee ? 483. 

ond book of his "Reason of Church Government ?" When Milton says 
that he must use "industrious and select reading" as a means of prep- 
aration for his great work, what does he mean ? Does he draw thoughts 
from all quarters for his work ? Does he imitate the diction and syntax 
of other writers ? What does he owe to Du Bartas ? The Adamo of 
Andreini? Credmon ? Other less known writers? Has he taken as 
much from these as from the Bible or Homer? What does he owe to 
the Bible ? Did he use the English Bible ? Under what religious in- 
fluences did he write ? Did he believe himself inspired ? What traces 
of his domestic experience are to be found in Paradise Lost? What of 
his public life? Are any of his characters taken from real life ? What 
effect had his blindness on his work ? When was the Paradise Lost 
published? How was it received? Has it affected English literature? 
The English language? Is it properly called an epic poem? What 
other epics are there ? On what other subject had Milton thought of 
writing an epic ? How is the maxim that there must be unity in varie- 
ty in every work of art applied to an epic ? Has the Paradise Lost uni- 
ty of time? place?- action? characters? sentiments? language? What 
variety is there in it in respect to time? place? action? characters? 
sentiments? language? Has each book a unity in variety of its own? 
Can each book be analyzed into parts having unity in variety? How 
far can such an analysis be carried? To each sentence? Each line? 
In which respect is it least perfect — unity or variety ? Variety of time, 
place, character, action, meter? In which is it nearest perfection? 
Harmony ? What are its greatest excellencies ? 

What is the first clause? (Of maris first disobedience sing.') What 
kind of sentence — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, 



18 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste 
Brought death into the world and all our woe 

Scan the second verse ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 4S3. Where is the esesura ? 
483. Scan the third line ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 483. What is the first ? 
4S3. The second? Does Milton accent into on the last syllable in other places ? 1, 91, 
545 ; 2, 277, 773, 775, 91*0, 917 ; 6, 614, 703 ; 10, 17. Where is the esesura ? 4S3. Is this 
the most musical place for it ? 

or optative ? 404. In what other forms can prayer be expressed? What 
rhetorical difference between the imperative and interrogative form of 
prayer ? Between the imperative and declarative ? What is the verb ? 
175, IV. Subject? 380, VIII. What is its omission called? 403. 
What is the predicative combination ? 405. Of what combination is of 
the sign? What kind of combination is sing -\- of disobedience? 407. 
Does it complete or. extend the predicate? 408. What does man's com- 
bine with ? Kind of combination ? 406. What does first combine with ? 
Kind of combination ? 406. Is this clause metaphorical ? Who or what 
is the real singer? What is meant by singing? What common pe- 
culiarity in collocation? 356, 1. What poetical license in collocation? 
386, 494. Should any capitals be used in this clause ? What ? Rule 
for each ? 564. Any other marks ? 553. 

What is the next clause? The connective? 401. What kind of 
clause — subordinate or co-ordinate? 410. Copulative, adversative, dis- 
junctive, or causal? 410. What ellipsis? 403. Verb? 175, IV. Sub- 
ject? 380, VIII. Of what combination is the first o/the sign? The 
second of? Fruit -f of tree is what kind of combination? 406. What 
attributive combinations with tree ? 406. Can this clause be parsed as 
an abridged clause incorporated with the first ? Which way of parsing 
is preferable ? Why ? Should this clause be separated by a point from 
.the former? What point? What rule? 543. Should any capitals be 
used? What? What rule? 564. What is the next clause? What 
kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? Substantive, adjective, or 
adverbial? 411. What noun does it describe—; fruit or tree? Can the 
taste of any thing but the fruit be meant ? What answer to this argu- 
ment? Why say forbidden tree ? In Genesis, ii., 16 + , is it eat of fndt 
or eat of tree ? What argument from the force of the and that ? Which 
attracts the relative most ? (See line 8.) Does the fruit of that tree whose 
taste, etc., exactly equal that fndt of the tree whose taste, etc. ? What 
argument from collocation ? 376. 2. What rhetorical figure in taste of 



MILTON. 19 

With loss of eden till one greater man 

Scan the fourth verse ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 4S3. Where is the caesura? 
4S3. Has the syllable following it any emphasis? 103. Is its metrical accent strong? 
(Compare the syllable after the caesura in line first.) Is the third foot a pyrrhic? 4S3. 
How does one greater differ metrically from a greater? What is the fourth foot? 4S3. 

tree ? 469. Is the expression forbidden fruit in the Bible ? Forbidden 
tree? Mortal taste? Is taste used in Genesis, ii., 16+ ? Does Milton 
affect unfamiliar words and syntax for poetic effect ? What does mor- 
tal mean? Is not mortal taste brought death objectionable? 473. What 
is the connective in this clause? 376, 1. Verb? 175, IV. Subject? 
174. Direct object? 360. What does into govern? What combina- 
tion is it the sign of? What attributive combinations with taste? 406. 
With world t 406. What is the force of the ? 370. Should this clause 
be separated from the preceding by a point ? What point ? What rule ? 
543, IX. Any capital? Rule? 564. Other marks? What is the 
next clause? Supply the ellipsis! What is the connective? 401. 
What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Co-ordinate 
with what clause? 410. Can it be parsed as an abridged proposition 
making a part of the former clause ? What is the verb ? 175, IV. Sub- 
ject? 174. Direct object ? 360. Attributive combinations with woe? 
406. What combination is with the sign of? What kind of combina- 
tion is brought -\-icith loss? 407, Can you give any argument for the 
combination fruit -{-with loss=fruit and loss? What attributive combi- 
nation with loss? 406." What grammatical equivalent for of Eden? 359. 
Should this clause be pointed from the preceding? By what point? 
What rule ? 543. Should it be cut in two by any point? Where 2 By 
what point? Rule? 543. Any capitals? Rule for each ? 564. Eden 
is in Italics *in Milton's own editions; why? 564. Any other marks? 
Is Eden the name of Paradise, or the region in which it was situated? 
Does Milton so use it in other places ? (See end of Paradise Lost). 
What rhetorical figure is loss of Eden ? 469. 

What is the next clause ? Subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Sub- 
stantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. What objection to calling it an 
adjective describing loss? As an adverb, what can it modify? What 
ellipsis between loss and till? Is it an adverb of time, place, cause, con- 
dition, or manner ? 411. Should it be separated from the former clause 
by a point? What point? Rule? 543. Should it be cut in two? 
What is the connective? 396, IV. Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Di- 



20 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Restore us and regain the blissful seat 5 

Sing heavenly muse that on the secret top 

Scan the fifth verse! Is any foot not a pure iambus? Where is the caesura? Is 
there emphasis on the syllable after it? 103. Should it have a metrical accent in 
reading? (Compare verses 1, 4.) What is a foot of two unaccented syllables called ? 
483. Is there any regularity of movement in the successive caesuras thus far? What 
is the effect of this movement of the caesura toward the beginning of the verse ? Is 
it true that the earlier caesuras give more vivacity and the later more gravity? Is 
there a change of thought corresponding to the metrical change ? Is this grave open- 
ing, gradually rising, well suited for an opening to the Paradise Lost? 

Scan the sixth line ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 483. Is sing emphatic ? 103. 
What is a foot of two accented syllables called ? 4S3. Is the second foot an anapest ? 
4S3. (In Milton's own editions the printing is "Heav'nly.") Does the sense require 
more than one pause in the verse ? Why does harmony require a second pause if a 
first is made after sing f Is the third foot a pure iambus ? Is it more like a pyrrhic or 
a spondee ? Is the meter related to that of the former verses as the sense to the sense ? 
How so ? 

rect object? 360. Predicative combination ? 405. Attributive combi- 
nations with man? 406. How does one man differ from a man? 21G, 
369, YI. Greater than whom ? Mode and. tense of restore ? Should 
it not be restores ? Are there any capitals ? Rule ? 564-. Milton gives 
Man a capital ; why ? What is the next clause ? "What kind of clause ? 
409. Co-ordinate copulative with what clause ? 410. (Name the clause 
by its verb.) Connective? 401. Verb? 245. Should it not be regains? 
Predicative combination ? 405. Objective combination ? 407. Attrib- 
utive combinations with seat ? 406. What does seat mean ? Is it still 
used in the same sense? (Country-seat ) Why is Eden called seat? 
Should not the traditive object of regain be expressed ? 360, II. What 
one is properly implied where none is expressed? Should this clause be 
separated from the foregoing by a point? What point? *Rule? 543. 
Should it be cut in two ? Should it be separated from the following word 
{sing) ? What point ? What rule? 543. Any capitals or other marks ? 
Next clause ! Does heavenly Muse form a combination with any word 
in any clause heretofore examined ? Should it be separated from the 
foregoing clause by any point? What point? What rule? 543, IV. 
How is 3 fuse parsed ? Is heavenly Muse like a separate clause in rela- 
tion to the following clauses ? What part of a true clause does it lack ? 
What fitness in calling it a quasi-clause ? As such, is it declarative, in- 
terrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. Should it be 
followed by an exclamation point or comma? 548. 543. Rule? What 



MILTOX. 21 

of oreb or of sinai didst inspire that shepherd 

"Where should the seventh verse end ? Scan it ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 
What is the second ? The fourth ? "What pauses ? Which i3 the principal caesura ? 
Do the syllables following the caesuras receive emphasis ? (See verses 1, 4, 5.) Where 
does the eighth line begin and end? Scan it! Where is the caesura? Does the syl- 
lable (who) after it take the emphasis ? • Why is it that a caesura and an unaccented 
syllable may so -well take the place of an accented syllable? Which syllable in the 
first foot varies from a pure iambus ? In the third ? What fitness in the meters of 
the last two verses ? 

kind of combination is heavenly Muse ? 406. Is it a biblical expres- 
sion ? From what source ? Is any real being meant by it ? Is a seri- 
ous prayer to the third person of the Trinity intended ? (Compare verses 
17 + .) What precisely is the wish expressed by sing? Why use the 
word Muse? Any capitals in this clause? Rules? 564. Any other 
marks ? Is heavenly or Heavenly better ? Is Heavnly best of all ? Why ? 
What is the next clause ? What kind — subordinate or co-ordinate ? 
409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. W T hat noun does it 
describe ? Should it be separated from heavenly Muse ? By what point ? 
What rule? Connective? 237. Verb? 245. Subject? 376. First ob- 
jective combination? 407. Does it complete or extend the predicate? 
Second objective combination ? 407. Is it an adjunct of time, place, 
mode, or cause? 408. What combination is on the sign of? What 
combination is of the sign of? What three attributive combinations 
with top ? 406. Meaning of secret here ? Is it a biblical descriptive ? 
Is Oreb the word used in the English Bible ? (Nor in the Hebrew, Sep- 
tuagint, or Vulgate.) Why does Milton use it? Analyze didst inspire! 
Parse didst alone ! Parse inspire alone ! Is inspire an infinitive the di- 
rect object of didst? Give grammatical equivalents for the two words 
to illustrate their relation? WTiat kind of combination is that + shep- 
herd? What is the force of that in relation to who? 370, XI. Who is 
the Shepherd? Exodus, iii., 1. Why call him here Shepherd rather 
than, e. g., prophet or lawgiver? Is he ever called Shepherd in the Bi- 
ble ? Is it a reference to inspiration given him while keeping sheep ? 
Inspiration to write what grand poem? Any capitals in this clause? 
Rules for them? 564. What is the next clause? {Or that on the secret 
top of Sinai didst inspire that shepherd.} What kind of clause — subor- 
dinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or 
causal ? 410. Disjunctive from what clause ? Should it be separated 
from foregoing clause by a point? What point? What rule? 543. 



22 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

who first taught the chosen seed in the beginning 
how the heayens and earth rose out of chaos or 

"Where does the ninth line "begin and end ? "Where is the caesura ? 4S3. "What is 
the first foot ? A pyrrhic ? 4S3. How many accented and emphatic syllables in the 
first hemistich? What expression has such a hemistich? What is the fifth foot? 
(The first and the second edition read M Heav'ns.") Does the expression of the two 
hemistichs vary with the sense ? Where does the tenth verse begin, and where end ? 
Caesura where ? 4S3. Is rose emphatic ? Is rose out a spondee or a trochee ? 4S3. 
What is the effect of having the invocation end in the middle of a verse and middle of 
a foot ? Does the poet seem to be borne on by weight of thought past the formal stop- 
ping-place ? Does it keep us ready to go on ? Is the syllable after the caesura em- 
phatic? What special reason here for making it so ? 

Should there be a point between Sinai and didst inspire? What rule? 
543. What is the verb ? 245. Subject? 376. Objective combinations ? 
407. What combination is of the sign of? Does Milton mean to ex- 
press a doubt whether the true name of some mountain on which Moses 
was inspired is Oreb or Sinai ? What and where is Horeb ? What and 
where is Sinai? Memorable for what events? Is any reference in- 
tended here to the giving of the law ? Does or mean and used distrib- 
utively — i. e., of Horeb sometimes, other times of Sinai? Is or a real or 
nominal disjunctive ? 401, II. What capitals in this clause ? Rule 564. 

What is the next clause ? What kind of clause ? 409. Substantive, 
adjective, or adverb? 411. What noun does it describe? Should it be 
pointed from the foregoing? What rule? 543. What is the connect- 
ive? 237. Verb? 245. Subject? 376. What kind of combination is 
taught -f seed? Does it complete or extend the predicate? 408. What 
preposition can be supplied which will make good sense? Does the 
- idiom ever require a to before the personal object after teach ? When ? 
What kind of object does to oftenest denote ? 360, 2. Why not call 
seed the traditive object here ? What other object has taught ? What 
does first combine with? What attributives with seed? 406. What is 
meant by chosen seed ? Can you find it in the English Bible ? Any 
capitals? Rule? 564. 

What is the next clause ? What kind of clause — subordinate or co- 
ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. Is it the di- 
rect object of taught ? 360, IV. Should it be pointed from the forego- 
ing? Rule? Any other point? What is the connective? 396, IV. 
Verb? 245. Subject? 381. Give the two clauses which are abridged 
into this one? What kind of combination is rose -{-out? What is the 



MILTON. 23 

if sion hill delight thee more and siloas brook 10 

Where does the eleventh verse begin ? Where end ? Scan it ! Where is the cae- 
sura? Is it a natural place for the caesura in a pleas^pt line? What variations from 
the pure iambus ? In the second foot ? The fourth ? Is the second hemistich im- 
proved by the anapaest ? llow so ? 

primary meaning of of? (from.) Is it here used in its primary sense? 
What combination is it the sign of? What objective combinations? 
407. Of place? Of time? Of manner? Does the collocation of in 
the beginning affect the perspicuity ? 470. Is the word Chaos in the Bi- 
ble ? Of what philosophy is it a term ? What does it mean ? What 
passage in the Bible is here referred to ? The Muse is invoked as hav- 
ing inspired Moses to write what ? Is the beginning of Genesis a poem ? 
At what time in the life of Moses does Milton seem to think it to have 
been composed ? Is this figure of the shepherd Moses composing amid 
the solitudes of the mountains fitted to stand at the opening of Paradise 
Lost ? Is Milton's thought in this clause different from that of Moses ? 
Is the statement better than that in the English Bible ? Any capitals 
required? Rules ? 564. Any other point ? 

What is the next clause? Connective? 401. What kind of clause? 
409. Co-ordinate with what clause ? (That in which sing is the verb.) 
Should it be separated from the foregoing clause ? What point ? What 
rule ? 545. Does the principle of 545, 2, apply ? What is the verb ? 
245. Subject? 355. Direct object? 360. Predicative combination? 

405. Attributive combination with aid? 406. What combination is 
thence -f invoke? What grammatical equivalent for thence containing the 
pronoun that ? What combination is to the sign of? What attributive 
combinations with song? 406. Why adventurous? Is there any rhe- 
torical figure here ? What? Any capitals? Rules? 564. Other point? 

What conditional clause modifies invoke? 411. What is meant by 
protasis? 411. What is the connective ? 411. Should there be a point 
before' if? If not, why not ? If so, what point ? What rule ? 543. 
The verb ? 245. Subject ? 352, Attributive combination with subject ? 

406. First objective combination ? 407. What kind of combination is 
delight -{-more? More than what? Where is Sion hill? Why men- 
tioned as a haunt of the Muse ? What poems of the Bible were there 
inspired ? Is the word Sion in the English Bible ? Is Zion hill? Why 
not use Mount Zion ? (Compare verse 15.) Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. 
Any other point ? 

What is the next clause? What ellipsis? What kind of clause? 



24 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

that flowed fast by the oracle 
of god i thence invoke thy aid to 
my adventurous stmg 

Scan the twelfth verse ! Where is the caesura ? What fitness in the first hemi- 
stich in connection with the second of the former line ? Is the movement such as he- 
longs to waters " that go softly ?*? How so ? Does not the foot fast by injure the gen- 
eral effect ? How so ? 

Scan the thirteenth verse ! Where is the caesura ? Is the pause purely metrical — 
i. e., not demanded hy the sense? What is the last foot? (Milton's editions read 
"adventrous." It occurs five times in Paradise Lost, — trotcs always making only 
part of a foot, and having an apostrophe only once.) 

409, 410. Co-ordinate with what clause? Does it belong with the 
protasis or apodosis? 411. What connective ? 410. Verb? 245. Mode 
and tense of the verb? Subject? 352. Attributive combination with 
the subject ? Where is Siloa's brook ? "Why mentioned as a haunt of 
the Muse ? Is it mentioned by any of the greatest poets of the Bible ? 
Isaiah, viii., 6. What is it called in the Bible ? How is it accented in 
Milton ? Correctly ? What were the streams sacred to the Muses of 
Greece ? What group of poets and poems is brought to mind by this 
invocation ? Did Milton suppose the book of Job to have been written 
by Moses? Any capitals? Rules? 564. Other point? 553. Why use 
the possessive of Siloa and not of Sion ? 

What is the next clause ? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. 
Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun does it describe? 
Should it be pointed from the preceding clause ? If so, by what pause ? 
What rule ? 543, IX. If not, why ? 543, IX. Connective ? 237. Verb ? 
245. Predicative combination ? 405, 376, XIX. What o\oQsfast com- 
bine with ? What combination does near make in flowed near to the or- 
acle? What kind of combination is flowed -{-fast? Fast+by oracle?. 
W T hat are the biblical expressions iovfast by ? Acts, xxvii., 13 ; 1 Kings, 
xxi., 1,- 1 Chron., xix. y 4. Connection of thought between the com- 
mon meaning of fast and its meaning here ? Has not fast unfit asso- 
ciations for "the waters of Siloah that go softly?" Of what combina- 
tion is of a sign ? 406. What grammatical equivalent for oracle of 
God? Where was the temple ? Why use the past tense flowed? What 
fitness here in the word oracle ? Is there a pause at the end of this 
clause? What pause? Rule? 543, 544. Any capitals? Rules? 564. 
Other points ? (Milton prints flow'd) 553. 



MILTON. 25 

that with no middle flight intends to soar 
above the aonian mount while it pursues 15 
things unattempted yet in prose or rhime 

Scan the fourteenth verse ! Where is the cse3ura ? Is the first foot a trochee ? Scan 
the fifteenth verse ! Where is the ceesura ? What is the second foot ? The third ? 
What fitness in these anapests to express the thought ? (The anapestic, from its strong 
movement, was a favorite meter for marching songs. — Greek Gram.) What is the 
fourth foot ? Why can a trochee he used at the heginning of a hemistich better than 
elsewhere ? What reason in the thought for using one here ? 

Scan the sixteenth verse ! Where is the caesura ? What is the first foot ? Why is 

What adjective clause describes song ? Should it be pointed from the 
foregoing ? What point ? Rule ? 543. Any other pauses ? If so, what ? 
Rule ? What is the connective ? 237. Verb ? 245. Predicative com- 
bination ? 405, 376, XIX. What kind of combination is intends to soar ? 
407. Does it complete or extend the predicate? 408. Does to have 
its usual force as a preposition ? What grammatical equivalent without 
to for this clause? 412 +. What is the subject of soar ? Why is it not 
repeated? 388, 6. What grammatical equivalent will develop to soar 
into a full clause? 413. What combination is above the sign of? What 
attributive combinations with mount? What combination is with the 
sign of? What kind of an adjunct is with flight, time, place, mode, 
cause? 408. What attributive combinations with flight? 406. Under 
what figure is song here presented? 458, 467. To what winged thing 
is it compared — e. g., sl dove, swan, angel? What is the literal mean- 
ing of middle flight ? The metaphorical? What mountain is meant ? 
Why called Aonian? Is it a name in frequent use? What is the lit- 
eral meaning of soar above the Aonian mount ? The metaphorical ? Why 
6hould it have such a metaphorical meaning ? Translate the whole into 
literal statement -iB^What poets did Milton have most in mind? Any 
capitals? Rules? 564. -Other point? (First editions have "th\") 553. 
What is the next clause? What kind of clause? 409. Subordinate or 
co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. Of time, 
place, cause, condition, or manner? 411, III. What word does it mod- 
ify? Should it be separated from the foregoing clause by a point? 
What point ? What rule? 543. Any other pause in the clause ? What 
connective ? 396, IV. Verb ? 245. Subject ? 174. Direct object ? 360. 
Attributive combination with things ? 406. What Jkind of combination 
is unattenqited+yet? 407. What combination is in the sign of? What 

B 



26 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

and chiefly thou o spirit that dost prefer before 

a spondee better there than an iambus? What is the effect of the uniform caesuras 
in the latter part of the three last verses? Does it express a uniform serious effort? 
(See question on verse 5.) 

Scan the seventeenth line ! How many pauses are required ? Which is the true 
caesura ? Do syntactical considerations settle it ? Is spirit or thou the antecedent of 
that ? What kind of foot is the third ? The fourth ? How was spirit pronounced by 
Milton? (In Shakespeare and poet3 of his time it is usually one syllable = sprite. 
Milton uses it sometimes for two half feet, sometimes for one, as poets now do.) If 
spirit is pronounced as two syllables, where must the caesura be ? Can emphasis be 
laid on dostf Which is best here, sp'rit or spirit? 

kind of adjunct is in prose ? 408. What does or connect? Rhyme is 
parsed like what word before it ? What kind of combination is unat- 
tempted-\rin rhyme? What grammatical equivalent will expand unat- 
tempted, etc., into an adjective clause with a predicative combination 
expressed? What ellipsis after or will set forth the abridged clause 
equivalent to or rhyme? Will it give the sense to repeat or while it 
pursues, etc., after ? Can you express a predicative combination after 
or, while unattempted is used before or ? Should there be a pause before 
or ? If so, what pause ? What rule ? If not, why not ? Does this 
clause carry out the figure of the former ? What is the literal meaning 
of it ? Of pursues ? What the metaphorical ? Is not the figure dropped 
in things unattempted, etc. ? Are the rules in 430 violated here ? Had 
nothing before been written of marts first disobedience, etc. ? (It had been 
a frequent subject. See Todd's Inquiry, where many such works in 
Italian, Spanish, etc., and one in Anglo-Saxon [Csedmon], are men- 
tioned as probably known to Milton.) Why, then, does Milton say un- 
attempted ? What is meant by rhime ? Is the Paradise Lost rhyme ? 
Any capitals? 543. Prose and Rhime have capitals in the first edi- 
tions; why? 543. 

What is the next clause ? What connective ? 4flfc What kind of 
clause? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause? That in which sing or 
that in which invoke is the verb ? Should it be pointed from the forego- 
ing clause? What point? What rule? What is the verb? 245. Pre- 
dicative combination ? 405. Direct object ? 360. What does chiefly 
combine with? Has it a special relation to thou? What? Should 
there be a point on either side of chiefly ? Rule ? 543. Any capitals ? 
564. How is O parsed? 305, 402. What kind of sentence is it most 
like — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 
404. Should it be pointed from the foregoing word ? By what pause ? 



MILTON. 27 

all temples the upright heart and pure instruct me 

Scan the eighteenth line ! Where is the caesura ? What kind of foot is the third ? 
The fourth? How does Milton pronounce upright? Verses 1, 221; 2, 72; 4, 837; 
6, 82, 270, 627; 7, 632; 8, 260. In what cases does he uniformly use upright'? 

Rule? 543. Should it have a capital? Rule? 564. How is Spirit 
parsed? 355, II., 402. Does it enter into any predicative combination? 
405. What name has been given in these questions to such expres- 
sions ? Should it be- pointed from the preceding word ? If so, what 
rule ? Should it have a capital ? Rule ? 564. Is the spirit here in- 
voked a different being from heavenly muse in verse sixth ? Explain the 
two invocations ! Is this a true prayer ? Did Milton believe himself 
inspired? Exodus, xxxv., 31 ; James, i., 17. 

What is the next clause ? What kind of clause — subordinate or co- 
ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun 
does it describe ? Should it be pointed from the foregoing ? What 
point? Rule? 543. What connective? 237. Verb? 245. Analyze 
dost prefer ! Parse dost alone ! Prefer alone ! Give grammatical equiv- 
alents in which a substantive is used for prefer ! Subjec.t? 376, XIX. 
Direct object ? 360. Attributive combinations with heart ? 406. What 
does and connect? 401. What grammatical equivalents will give and 
two predicative combinations to connect? 412. What combination is 
hefore the sign of? Does before temples complete or extend the predi- 
cate? 408. What attributive combination with temples? 406. Is the 
thought scriptural? 1 Cor., iii., 16, 17 ; vi., 19. Does Milton mean that 
the upright heart is a temple preferred among temples ? Is his language 
correct ? 364, XII. Does the fact that there are similar expressions 
found in Latin and Greek justify it ? Is it analogous to 

" God and his son except, 
Created thing naught valued he." — Book ii., 678 ; 
and to 

"Adam the goodliest man of men since born 
His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve." — Book iv., 323? 

How does the belief that Milton deliberately imitated Greek authors in 
these passages affect your estimate of his greatness ? Is the language 
that of the English Bible ? Should this clause be cut in two by a point ? 
If so, what point ? Rule ? Should there be a point at the end of the 
clause? What? Rule? 543. Any capitals? Rules? 564. Any other 
points? (The first editions have " th'.") 553. 



28 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

for thou knowest thou from the 
first wast present and with mighty- 
wings outspread 20 

Where does the nineteenth line begin? Scan it! "What pauses? Which is the 
principal caesura ? 4S3. Is for accented ? What kind of foot is me for ? 4S3. Does 
the pause help it fill the place of an iambus? How so? Is the third foot a spondee? 
4S3. (Milton prints " know'st.") What is the fourth foot ? Amphibrach or trochee ? 
4S3. Where is a trochee allowable ? Elsewhere than at the beginning of a hemi- 
stich ? Why not ? Is this line fit to be used in this meter ? What adaptedness in it 
to the thought and feeling? To the meter of the verses before and after? Scan the 
twentieth line ! Caesura where ? What is the second foot ? Are all the other feet 
pure iambics ? What fitness to the sense ? What adjustment to the preceding verse ? 
What rhythmic effect of the pause each side of and t Effect of outspread t 

Next clause? (For thou hioicest.) What kind of clause — subordinate 
or co-ordinate? 409. Copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or causal? 
410. Should it be separated from the foregoing ? What pause ? What 
rule? 543. Connective? 301. Verb? 245. Predicative combination ? 

405. Any objective combination? 407. Any capitals? What rule? 
564. Other point ? 553. 

Next clause? What kind — declarative, interrogative, imperative, ex- 
clamatory, or optative? 404. Should it be pointed from the foregoing? 
What point? Eule? 544. Verb? 245. What kind of combination is 
thou -\r present? 405. What is wast called? 353. Present -\- from first 
is what kind of combination? 407. How is first parsed? What kind 
of combination is the first? 406. Is this use of the described in 370? 
What peculiarity of collocation? Whence is the thought? Gen., i., 2. 
Is the language that of the English Bible ? Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. 

Next clause ? What kind ? (Co-ordinate copulative with the clause 
in which wast is the verb.) 409, 410. Should it be pointed from the 
foregoing clause ? What point? Rule? 543. Connective? 410. Verb? 
245. Subject? 352. What combination is with the sign of? Does 
with wings complete or extend the predicate ? 408. Is it an adjunct of 
time, place, mode, or cause ? 408. Attributive combinations with wings ? 

406. Should there be points to segregate wings and its attributes? 
What points ? Rule ? 543. Does dovelike refer to likeness of shape or 
manner of brooding ? What does it combine with? Is the language 
warranted by the Bible? Luke, iii., 22. Parse brooding! What is a 
participle used adverbially called? (A gerund. Unabridged Gram., 
539.) What does it combine with? Does it complete or extend the 



MIL'gpK. 29 

dovelike satst 
brooding on the vast abyss 
and madest it pregnant what in 
me is dark 

Scan the twenty-first Hue! Caesura where ? Does it cut a pyrrhic ? 4S3. What i3 
the first foot ? The second foot ? 

Scan the twenty-second verse! Caesura where? 4S3. "What is the second foot? 
(Milton has "mad'st.") Does the making the verse caesura a foot caesura tend to 
connect or dissever the second hemistich from the foregoing ? "Why ? 

predicate ? 408, 2, d. Expand it into a clause having a predicative 
combination ! On is a sign of what combination T Attributive combi- 
nations with abyss ? 406. What is the language in the English Bible 
which Milton is here giving his poetic equivalents for? Genesis, i., 2. 
Which gives a more definite picture of creation ? Is definiteness a char- 
acteristic of the sublime ? Should creation be represented according to 
the laws of the sublime ? Which is more sublime, the description of 
Milton or that in the English Bible ? In what v particulars ? According 
to what principles ? What peculiarities of collocation in this clause ? 
494. Does it give a different sense to put outspread after wings f Any 
capitals ? Rules ? 564. Other marks ? 555, 553. 

Next clause ? What kind of clause ? 409, 410. Co-ordinate copula- 
tive with what clause ? Should it be separated from the foregoing by a 
point? What point? Rule? 543. Connective? 410. Verb? ££5. 
Subject ? 352. Predicative combination ? 405. First objective combi- 
nation? 407. What is the antecedent of it? Parse pregnant! 360, 3. 
What kind of combination is madest -\- pregnant? 408, 1, g. Does if com- 
plete or extend the predicate ? 408, 1, g. Why is pregnant called a fac- 
titive object ? 360, 3. Is the distinction made by Becker worth mak- 
ing between an adjective as predicate and as factitive object? Why so? 
Is the language of this clause figurative ? Does it carry out the figure 
of the former clause? What is the abyss compared to? With what 
brood is it pregnant ? What rhetorical form ? 458. Does the language 
rise to the height of the argument ? Any capitals? Rule? 564. Any 
other point? 553. 

Next clause as printed ? Next clause ? Which is the leading clause ? 
(Illumine.') What kind — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclam- 
atory, or optative ? 404. Verb ? 245. Subject ? 380, VIII. What kind 



80 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

illumine what is low raise 
and support 

Scan the twenty-third verse ! "What pauses ? Caesura where ? What trochee fol- 
lows it ? Point out how the twenty-second and twenty-third stand related metrically 
to the foregoing and following verses? Do they give variety? Do they prepare the 
ear for a flowing close of this opening passage ? 

of combination is illumine + thou? 405. What of the collocation? 356. 
Should there be a point before illumine ? What point ? What rule ? 

543. Any capitals? Rule? 564. What kind of clause is what in me 
is dark ? 409, 410. Subordinate substantive in what case and govern- 
ment ? 41 1 , 1. , 3. Should there be any point before it ? What ? Rule ? 

544, 545, 546. Verb ? 245. What logical name is given the verb here ? 
353. What does dark combine with? What kind of combination? 
405. What combination is in the sign of? What-\-in me is what kind 
of combination ? 406. Does in usually denote an attributive ? Is there 
an ellipsis here? Give an equivalent for ichat in me is dark, using only 
literal language? P. L., iii., 45-51 ; Psalm Ixix., 23 ; Romans, i., 21 ; 
Luke, xi., 34+ ; Eph., iv., 18. Is illumine used in the English Bible? 
Is the statement in 376, Rule XX., about ivhat correct? Is the sentence 
in fine print that follows the rule correct? Any capitals ? Rule ? 564. 

Next clause? {What is low.) Next clause ? (Raise.) Next clause ? 
(And support.) Which is the leading clause of these three? What 
kind — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 
40f ! What combination does it contain ? 405, 380, VIII. Any point 
before it ? What ? Rule ? 543. Any capital ? What clauses does and 
connect ? What combination with support ? 380, VIII. Should and 
have'a point before it? If so, what point? Rule ? 543. If not, why 
not? 543. What kind of clause is ivhat is low? 409, 411. As a sub- 
ordinate substantive, what is its government? 411, I., 3. What is its 
verb? 245. Subject? 352. What combination is is the sign of? What 
name is given is in such propositions? 353. What is the predicative 
combination? 408. What ellipsis in this clause? Has Milton proba- 
bly any particular power in his thoughts which he wishes raised and sup- 
ported? Isaiah, xxix., 4. What point before ivhat is low ? Rule ? 543- 
548. (After pregnant the first and second editions have a colon, after 
illumine a comma, after support a semicolon ; no intermediate pauses.) 
Any capitals? 564. 

Next clause ? What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. 



MILTON. 31 

that to the highth of this great argument 

i may assert eternal providence 25 

Scan the twenty-fourth verse! Caesura where? 4S3. "What is the first foot? 483. 
Is the fourth a pure iambus ? The fifth ? 

Scan the twenty -fifth verse ! Caesura where ? Is it required by the sense, or pure- 
ly metrical ? Which has more stress, I or may f What is the first foot ? The fifth ? 
How many pairs of unaccented, unemphatic syllables in these two lines ? Does Mil- 
ton often end a line with a pyrrhic? Can you find two other such lines in succession? 
Do not these light feet make the lines weak and prosaic? Do the caesuras help the 
matter ? Explain ! 

Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411, L, 5. Becker calls it adverb- 
ial ; which is right ? As a substantive, how is it governed ? What el- 
lipsis may be supplied ? What part of speech is that originally ? 236. 
Support thai I may assert, etc. = Support for that purpose; viz., my as- 
sertion, etc. How is that parsed in the second equivalent? How is as- 
sertion parsed? That, considered as a demonstrative, belongs in the 
clause with which verb? I may assert, etc., is in what relation to the 
demonstrative that ? 362. What do the grammars call that as it stands 
in the text? 237, III., 4; 401, I. When is that called a conjunction? 
237, III. Should this clause be separated from the foregoing? By 
what point ? Rule ? 544. If parsed as a subordinate adverbial clause, 
what verbs does it modify ? What kind of adverb — of place, time, rea- 
son, condition, or manner? 411, III., 3. What is the verb? 245. 
Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Mode and tense of the verb? 
Analyze may assert! 272. Parse may alone! 273. Parse assert alone! 
389. Gi' T e grammatical equivalents for may assert such as to show as- 
sert to be an infinitive ! Is it the objective or gerundial infinitive ? 389. 
I-\-may assert is what kind of combination? 405. Who is meant by If 
Does / take an antecedent ? 373, 222 + . Does it represent a name, or a 
person direetly ? Is pro-noun a good name for it? How does the I of 
Milton compare with the /of Bunyan? (See questions on Bunyan, p. 
14.) Which is farthest from egotism? What attributive combination 
with Providence ? 406. Grammatical equivalent for assert eternal Prov- 
idence ? 412 + . What combination is to the sign of? Does highth com- 
plete or extend the predicate? 408. What combination is of the sign 
of? Highth+of argument is what kind of combination? 406. Greats- 
argument is what kind of combination? 406. This -\- great argument is 
what kind of combination? 406. What does argument mean here? 
Give grammatical equivalents to explain the meaning of verse twenty- 



32 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

and justify the ways of god to men. 

Scan the twenty-sixth verse ! Is it all pure iambics ? 4S3. Caesura where ? In the 
same place as in the two preceding verses ? With two light syllables before it ? "Where 
no pause is required by the sense ? What can you say in favor of the meter of the 
three last verses ? How are they suited for a close to this opening passage ? 
• Synoptical. — How many spondees or quasi-spondees are there in these verses ? 483. 
Is there any place in the verse in which no spondee can be found ? Which verses have 
one in the first place ? The second ? The third ? Fourth ? Fifth ? How many pyr- 
rhics and quasi-pyrrhies ? In what places in the verse are they found ? Elsewhere 
than with the caesura or the end of the verse ? How many tribrachs or quasi-tribrachs ? 
Are they found elsewhere than with the csesura ? Are there any anapests ? Where ? 
How many trochees are there ? Are they found elsewhere than at the beginning of a 
hemistich ? Why not ? In what places is the caesura found ? In which place oftenest ? 
Are any two of the verses exactly alike in meter ? Is any pair of verses exactly like 
any other pair ? How is the fitness of the variation determined ? Is there any unity 
in the variety ? Are there other sources of melody besides variation of feet and of cae- 
suras ? Is there' happy arrangement of vowel sounds — as long, short, etc. ? Point out 
any verses that derive special beauty from that source ! Is there metrical arrange- 
ment of consonants ? What marks of Anglo-Saxon verse in the two first lines ? 491. 
(First— fruit—, forbidden.) Is there other art used in the disposition of consonants ? 
Point out verses specially good in this respect ! Does Milton use repetition as a po- 
etic form ? Give examples ! B. 3, 178+ ; 7, 184+ ; 10, S50-f, etc. Would not rhyme 
improve the Paradise Lost? Did Milton condemn it on principle? (Yes. See u rea- 

fourth ! Translate the whole clause, using none of Milton's notional" 
words! 176. What poetic license in collocation in this clause? 494. 
Is any thing else in it poetic ? Any pauses within the clause ? If so, 
where? What? Rules? Any capitals? Rules? 564. Other punc- 
tuation marks? (The first edition has "th 5 Eternal ;" rA' was after- 
ward struck out as erratum.) 

Next clause ? Supply the whole ellipsis ! Is it subordinate or co-or- 
dinate ? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause ? Should it be separated 
from the preceding by a point ? What point ? What rule ? 543. What 
is the connective ? 410. Verb? 245. Mode and tense ? Analyze may 
justify! Parse may alone! Parse justify alone! What is the predic- 
ative combination? 405. Direct object? 360. Force of the? 370. Of 
what combination is of the sign ? What grammatical equivalent for of 
God? 357+. What combination is to the sign of? Justify +to men, 
or ivays + to men? Why? Pope says, "Vindicate the ways of God to 
man," which is preferable ? Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. (Go on with 
similar questions through the additional verses : they are reprinted ex- 
actly from the first edition.) 



MILTON. 33 

Say first, for Heav'n hides nothing from thy view 

son why the poem rimes not" prefixed to P. L.) Did Milton inherit a musical genius? 
. How and to what extent was it cultivated ? What was his favorite instrument ? Does 
the music of his verses resemble that of an organ ? Had he studied the meter of the 
best poets ? In what languages most ? What were his habits of composition ? Doe3 
the music of verses in the mind of a poet keep in advance of his selection and arrange- 
ment of words ? Does the meter of his early poems resemble that of the Paradise 
Lost ? Does that of Samson Agonistes ? Does it become more complex in his later 
works ? Is there a rhythmical movement in Milton's prose ? Is it like the movement 
of his verse? Study the cadences of the following extract from U A Speech for the 
Liberty of unlicensed Printing." It is provisionally divided in hemistich3 according 
to the natural cadences in reading : 

" Methinks I see in my mind J a noble and puissant nation 
Rousing herself J like a strong man after sleep, 
And shaking her invincible locks ; J Methinks 
I see her as an eagle J muing her mighty youth, 
And kindling her undazzled eyes J at the full mid-day beam ; 
Purging and unsealing J her long-abused sight 
At the fountain itself j of heavenly radiance ; 
While the whole noise J of timorous and nocking birds, 
With those also % that love the twilight, 
Flutter about ; J amajed at what she means, 
Aud in their envious gabble J would prognosticate 
A year of sects and schisms." 

Can you arrange this passage into the same measure as the Paradise Lost ? Compare 
withBunyan's prose. (See page 15.) Is the movement here iambic? Which has the 
greater variety? Is Milton's harmony to be appreciated by an uncultivated ear or 
mind ? Or by any one without long acquaintance with it ? Is there any great musi- 
cian whose style seems to you to be like Milton's ? Which is the higher work of gen- 
ius — a grand passage from Beethoven or from Paradise Lost ? Why ? Write an es- 
say on the versification of Milton covering the ground of the foregoing questions. 

Synoptical. — How many commas have you made in this extract ? 
How many semicolons ? Colons ? Does each semicolon indicate a dif- 
ferent syntactical relation from any comma or colon ? Have you made 
any periods ? Does each indicate a different syntactical relation from 
any other point ? The first edition of the Paradise Lost has in this pas- 
sage 21 commas, 3 semicolons, 2 colons, 2 periods, 73 capitals, 7 words 
in italics, 1 apostrophe used to mark the possessive case (not in line 1), 
8 to mark contraction. The following words are spelt as here print- 
ed: "Tast," "adventrous," "Rhime," "highth," "justifie," "waves." 
The second edition, which was corrected by Milton, and divided into 
twelve books instead of ten, is exactly like the first in this passage, ex- 
cept "illumin" for "illumine," and "th' " erased from line 25. Mil- 
ton spelt meter with -er, so did Shakespeare, and the Anglo-Saxons, from 

B2 



34 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Nor the deep Tract of Hell, say first what cause 

Mov'd our Grand Parents in that happy State, 

Favour'd of Heav'n so highly, to fall off 30 

From their Creator, and transgress his Will 

For one restraint, Lords of the World besides ? 

Who first seduc'd them to that fowl revolt ? 

Th' infernal Serpent ; he it was, whose guile 

Stird up with Envy and Revenge, deceiv'd 35 

The Mother of Mankinde, what time his Pride 

Had cast him out from Heav'n, with all his Host 

Of Rebel Angels, by whose aid aspiring 

To set himself in Glory above his Peers, 

He trusted to have equaPd the most High, 40 

If he oppos'd ; and with ambitious aim 

Against the Throne and Monarchy of God 

Rais'd impious War in Heaven and Battel proud 

With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power 

whom we have it. Can you make out where all the points are, which 
words are in italics, have capitals, etc. ? 

Does this extract abound in poetical forms, or is it comparatively 
plain ? Is that in good taste ? How many independent and substan- 
tive clauses in it? How many adjective and adverbial? What pecul- 
iarities of style are suggested by comparing the ratio of these clauses in 
Milton with that in Bunyan? Is there any thing in the form of the 
leading verbs in this passage which adds to the liveliness ? Is the im- 
perative mode an especially forcible form in English ? How many verbs 
in the extract ? How many nouns ? Descriptive adjectives ? Descrip- 
tive adverbs ? Personal pronouns ? Relative pronouns and conjunc- 
tions? What is the ratio of each to the whole number of words? 
Which parts of speech have a greater ratio than in Bunyan ? How is 
the style affected by each difference, as to perspicuity? 470-472. As 
to liveliness? 473, 474. Egotism? As to its fitness to express the 
sublime ? 

What words in the extract not of Anglo-Saxon origin ? (Disobedi- 
ence, fruit, mortal, taste, Eden, restore, regain, muse, secret, Oreb, Si- 
nai, inspire, chaos, Sion, delight, Siloa, oracle, invoke, aid, adventur- 



MILTON. 35 

Hurld headlong flaming from th' Ethereal Skie 45 

With hideous mine and combustion down 

To bottomless perdition, there to dwell 

In Adamantine Chains and penal Fire, 

Who durst defie th' Omnipotent to Arms. 

Nine times the Space that measures Day and Night 50 

To mortal men, he with his horrid crew 

Lay vanquisht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe 

Confounded though immortal : But his doom 

Reserv'd him to more wrath ; for now the thought 

Both of lost happiness and lasting pain 55 

Torments him ; round he throws his baleful eyes 

That witness'd huge affliction and dismay 

Mixt with obdurate pride and stedfast hate : 

At once as far as Angels kenn he views 

The dismal Situation waste and wilde, 60 

ous, intends, soar, Aonian, mount, pursues, unattempted, prose, chiefly, 
spirit, prefer, temples, pure, instruct, present, vast, abyss, pregnant, il- 
lumine, support, argument, assert, eternal, Providence, justify.) Is this 
a large number compared with average good English ? (App. B.) Com- 
pared with the passage from Bunyan before examined ? Compared with 
other parts of Paradise Lost ? Compared with Milton's prose writings ? 
What external circumstances would be likely to make Milton's language 
abound in words not Anglo-Saxon ? What the effect of the place in 
which he lived — e. g^ city or country, England or elsewhere? What 
the effect of time — e. g., the habit of the age to use much or little learn- 
ed language? What the effect of the rank and manners of his family? 
Which rank use most Norman ? What of his education, habits of study, 
profession? What of his associates and favorite authors? What of 
the class of persons for whom he wrote, " fit audience, though few ?" 
What the effect of the subjects on which he wrote ? Was he used to 
writing in other languages than English ? What internal (subjective) 
reasons for his use of much foreign diction ? Any qualities of the blood : 
was he Saxon, Norman, or Celt ? What points in his character affect 
his language ? Was he, e. g., rather sensitive or reflective ? Simple or 
grand ? Humorous ? Ambitious of literary superiority and originali- 



36 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

A Dungeon horrible, on all sides round 

As one great Furnace flam'd, yet from those flames 

No light, but rather darkness visible 

Serv'd only to discover sights of woe, 

Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace 65 

And rest can never dwell, hope never comes. 

That comes to all ; but torture without end 

Still urges, and a fiery Deluge, fed 

With ever-burning Sulphur unconsum'd : 

Such place Eternal Justice had prepar'd 10 

For those rebellious, here their portion set 

As far remov'd from God and light of Heav'n 

As from the Center thrice to th' utmost Pole. 

ty? Musical? Rhetorical? Will you show how each of these traits 
worked on his language ? Do the Romanic words add to the heauty^f 
this passage ? Can you substitute a better Anglo-Saxon word for any 
of them ? Can you substitute a better Romanic word for any Anglo- 
Saxon word in the passage ? , Is Milton's language ' £ a new language, " 
as Johnson says ? (Lives of the Poets.) What is meant by saying so ? 
Did the English language " sink under him," as Addison says? (Spec- 
tator.) Or did he "form his style by a perverse and pedantic princi- 
ple," so as to write "no language,'* but a "Babylonish dialect" "harsh 
and barbarous?" What is meant by u no language?" By "Babylonish 
dialect?"' Is Milton's diction perspicuous to the unlearned? To any 
one ? Is it lively ? Suited to express the sublime ? (Macaulay's Essay 
on Milton.) Are his diction and syntax suited to each other ? To his 
subject ? How so ? Has his poetic diction been going obsolete since 
he published, or growing familiar ? Has he added to the wealth of the 
English speech? New words? What? Phrases? What? Current 
quotations ? What ? Has he taught others to express elevated thought 
in sonorous diction ? Can you mention great masters of English who 
have used him besides Burke and Webster? Write an essay on the 
language of Milton covering the ground of the foregoing questions ! 



SHAKESPEARE. 



JULIUS CAESAR. 

PERSONS REPRESENTED. 



Julius Caesar. 

Octavius C^sar, \ Triumvirs aft- 
Marcus Antonius, >• er the death of 
M. JEmil. Lepidus, ) Julius Ccesar. 
Cicero, Publius, Popilius Lena, 

Senators. * , 

Marcus Brutus, 
Cassius,' 
Casca, 
Trebonius, 

LlGARIUS, 

Decius Brutus, 
Metellus Cimber, 

ClNNA, 

Elavius and Marullus, Tribunes, 



Conspirators 
against Julius 
Ccesar. 



Artemidorus, a Sophist of Cni- 
dos. 

A Soothsayer. 

Cinna, a Poet. Another Poet. 

Lucilius, Titinius, Mess ala, 
Young Cato, and Volumnius, 
Friends to Brutus and Cassius. 

Varro, Clitus, Claudius, Stra- 
to, Lucius, Dardanius, Serv- 
ants to Brutus. 

Pindarus, Servant to Cassius. 

Calphtjrnia, Wife to Cossar. 

Portia, Wife to Brutus. 

Senators, Citizens, Guards, 
Attendants, etc. 



SCENE, during a great part of the Play, at Rome ; afterward at Sardis ; 
and near Philippi. 



Introductory. — Write an account of the life and writ- 
ings of Shakespeare ; a life of Julius Caesar, of Marcus 
Brutus ; an outline of the narrative in the play of Julius 
Caesar; an essay on Rome and the Romans during the 
times of Julius Caesar. — (See Halliwell's or Hudson's Life 
of Shakespeare, Craik's English of Shakespeare, and Plu- 
tarch's Lives.) 

Is Shakespeare known to have inherited his genius from his father or 
mother ? Where was he born ? What kind of place is Stratford geo- 
graphically — e. g., is it by any river, by the sea, by mountains, flat, hilly, 





38 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 



ACT I. 

SCENE I. — Home. A Street Enter Flavius, Makul- 
ltjs, and a Rabble of Citizens. 

sandy, marshy, barren, fertile, quiet, stormy, the horizon near or remote, 
capable of what sunrises, sunsets, storm-scenes, and the like? What 
kind of place was it botanically — e. g., how wooded, cultivated, how as 
to wild plants, flowers ? What residences there or hard by — e. g., town- 
houses, country-seats, castles? What literary opportunities — e. g., li- 
braries, schools teaching what ? Why are these questions asked ? Have 
they any thing to do with the development of Shakespeare's genius ? 
How so ? At what age did he leave Stratford ? What is known of his 
life before that ? What had occurred at Kenilworth to stimulate dra- 
matic genius? What famous actors from the neighborhood? What 
did Shakespeare do in London ? Who were his associates there ? Men- 
tion important contemporary events ! Did he know any thing of Amer- 
ica? Com. of Errors, iii., 2 : Raleigh. When did he begin to write fbv 
the public? What did he write? Was he gradually trained to the 
height of Hamlet and Lear, or did he write so from the first ? Did he 
begin by revising the plays of others? Did he study hard? Write 
much ? What besides plays ? Did he re-write his own plays after try- 
ing them on the stage ? What of the excellence of such training ? How 
extensive was his acquaintance with the court ? With the people ? Was 
he in any sense a learned man ? What did he learn — history of Greece, 
Rome, England, France ? Any thing of law, medicine, theology, phi- 
losophy ? Of languages and literature ? Of men and manners ? Was 
he in any sense one of the unlearned ? In what sense ? How far are 
his works original ? How far do they embody his own character and 
experience ? How far are they results of observation ? How far are 
they characteristic of his age and country ? What is the history of his 
fame ? In what kind of composition is his fame greatest — tragic or 
comic, heroic or domestic, prose or poetry ? 

When was Julius Caesar written ? Was it probably a long time grow- 
ing in the mind of Shakespeare? What lesson is it intended to teach? 
What conspiracies in England during the life of Shakespeare ? On the 
Continent ? What friends of Shakespeare connected with any of them ? 
What in his relations to Elizabeth and James would add interest to the 
matter ? Was it a subject to please the people ? Is there evidence in 



SHAKESPEARE. 39 

Flav. Hence ; home, you idle creatures, get 
you home ; 

other plays that the story of Caesar had ldng made a deep impression 
on his mind ? Richard III., iii., 1 ; Hamlet, i., 1 ; iii., 2 ; v., 1 ; Cymbe- 
line, iii., 1 ; Antony and Cleopatra, etc., etc. Study by aid of Clarke's 
Concordance ! Could not a good drama be written closing with the as- 
sassination of Caesar ? Could it teach the same lesson as this play ? Is 
the exhibition of the providential results of conspiracy an essential part 
of the action? Ulrici says thaf with Shakespeare the tragic element 
consists in the sufferings and final ruin of the humanly great, noble, and 
beautiful which has fallen a prey to human weakness ; in whom does 
the interest of this tragic element center in this play ? Is Caesar or 
Brutus the hero ? To what weakness does he fall a prey ? Who is his 
tempter ? Why is Portia introduced ? Why Lucius ? Antony ? Why 
are the heroic elements of Caesar's character kept so much out of view ? 
Would they withdraw our sympathies from Brutus ? Does Shakespeare's 
Brutus agree wholly with the Brutus of history ? Explain any differ- 
ences by reasons drawn from grounds of imaginative truthfulness, and 
unity of dramatic effect ! Why are the Roman populace introduced ? 
Does their character determine the futility of the conspiracy ? How 
so ? Has this play a proper beginning ? Middle ? End ? A proper 
unity of action? — of time? — of place? Abundant variety in unity? 
Mention illustrations of variety! Show how it is combined into unity! 
What rank does this play hold among the works of Shakespeare ? 

(Write an analysis, filling up all the ellipses : see model in Appendix 
A. Study the grammatical etymology of pronouns, 214-244, and in- 
stinctive forms and pronominal elements, 305-309, in addition to the 
subjects referred to under Bunyan and Milton.) 

Where does the scene open ? When ? (At the Lupercalia, 13th Feb., 
B.C. 44, after Caesar was made dictator for life.) Who are there? 
Who speaks first? Who is Flavius? 

What is the first clause? What ellipsis? 403, 380, X.; 396, XI. 
What kind of clause — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclama- 
tory, or optative? 404. What is the verb? 245. Subject, 380, VIII. 
What does hence combine with ? Kind of combination ? 407. Does it 
complete or extend the predicate ? 408. Is it an adjunct of time, place, 
mode, or cause ? 408. What language is it from ? 296, II. Which is 
the root letter? 308, 6. Why called a pronominal element? 308, 6. 



40 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Is this a holiday ? What ! know you not, 

What other words in English of the same pronominal element — pro- 
nouns? 229. Adverbs? 291, 296, II. Of what case does — ce repre- 
sent the ending ? 292. What other adverbs ending in — ce ? 292, 296. 
II. How was this genitive ending written in Anglo-Saxon? 192. Was 
hence ever written heiines, hens? (Yes, Chaucer and others.) What re- 
lation oJ^lace is expressed by the genitive termination ? 1 89, 396, VI. 
What grammatical equivalent for hence? 396, VI. Rule for the point 
after hence? 544. Rule for its capital? 564. 

Next clause ? (home.) What kind of clause ? 404. Supply the el- 
lipsis ! 380, X. Verb? 245. Subject ? 380, VIII. What part of speech 
is home? What word does it combine with? Kind of combination? 

407. What noun is it derived from? From what case? 292. What 
preposition would express the relation ? Does our idiom allow the use 
of to with it ? Rule for the pause after home ? 543. 

Next clause? Does you idle creatures belong with any predicative 
combination ? Why call it a quasi-proposition ? Is it declarative, in- 
terrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. Parse you ! 355, 
II. What kind of combination is you -{-creatures? 406. Idle -{-creat- 
ures ? 406. What language is you from ? 227. Which letter of it is a 
pronominal element ? 308. In what cases was it in Anglo-Saxon ? 
(Dative and accusative plural.) 227. In old English? (The same.) Is 
it ever used as a nominative in the Bible? What is the old nomina- 
tive ? 227. What English verb of the same root as creature ? What 
grammatical equivalent for it containing the verb create ? How comes 
it to be used as a term of contempt? Rule for the point after it? 543. 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 380, 
VIII. Direct object? 374, VI. Get -{-home is what kind of combina- 
tion ? 407. Is this idiom in use now ? What equivalent for it ? In 
what respect is it analogous to fare thee well? Act iii., Scene 1*, v., 3. 
Get thee gone? ii., 4. Til gU me to a place? ii., 4. Is you in its proper 
case according to derivation ? Rule for point after this clause ? 544. 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Direct or indirect interroga- 
tive? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. Predicative combination? 405, 

408. What is the sign of predication called in logic ? 353. What lan- 
guage is this from ? 236. What pronominal element has it ? 308, 7. 
What other words of the same element, personal pronouns ? Demon- 
strative? Adverbs? 296, 308. What is the natural significance of this 



SHAKESPEARE. 41 

Being mechanical, you ought not walk, 

element? 236, 308, 7. Equivalent to what gesture? What force has a 
compared with one? 216. What is the composition of holiday? Con- 
nection of thought between holy day and holiday ? What point after this 
clause? Rule? 547. What capital? 564. 

Next clause? How is what usually parsed in such cases? 376, XX., 
III. What kind of interjection ? 305. Supply the ellipsis for a com- 
plete proposition to show how this use originated ! What kind of clause 
have you made — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or 
optative ? 404. What verb ? Subject ? What does what combine with ? 
Kind of combination? What language is what from? 237. Which 
letters are the pronominal element? 308, 9. What is the natural sig- 
nificance of this element ? 241, 308. .What other words of the same 
element ? Interrogative pronouns ? Relatives ? Adverbs of time ? — 
place? — manner? — cause? 296, 308. What force has — t in what? 
(Neuter gendei\> 237, 229. 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. 
Rule for collocation? 356. Know + not is what kind of combination? 
407. Which letter in you is the pronominal element ? 308. What case 
is it in Anglo-Saxon ? 227. In old English ? In the Bible ? 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 409. Subordinate or co-ordinate? 
411. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. How governed? 411, 1., 
3. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. Is you+being a true combination, or 
is being merely a sign of the combination between you and mechanical? 
Expand being mechanical into a subordinate clause ! What equivalent 
for mechanical? Is it now used in this sense? Does not combine with 
ought or walk? What kind of combination is ought + walk? 407, 408. 
In what mode is walk ? Does it complete or extend the predicate ? 408, 
2, e. What preposition would express the relation between ought and 
walk ? Is to now used for that purpose ? What is the form of a verb 
called which is governed by a preposition in Anglo-Saxon? 263, 389. 
Is it as common as the other form ? (No.) Why should it have become 
more common in English — is it an instance of a general analytic habit 
of the language? Unabr. Gram., 32. Give other examples of the use. 
of prepositions now in place of old terminations ! 193-195. Do the 
French use a preposition with the infinitive ? Why should that affect 
the English? 41-43. Whence the form — e.g., for to walk, What went 
ye out for to see, Matth., xi., 8, 14; Acts, xvi., 4, 10? 388, I. (See 



42 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Upon a laboring day, without the sign 

Of your profession? Speak, what trade art thou? 

forward, Chaucer, verse 13.) Why should the form without to hold its 
ground longest in combinations with auxiliaries ? 389. Are the phrases 
in most frequent use most stable ? What connection of thought between 
own, owe, and ought? 242. To what auxiliaries is ought here analo- 
gous? 271, VII. Upon is a sign of what combination? What attrib- 
utive combinations with day ? Is laboring here the present participle ? 
What is it? 313, 5, a. What analogy in its use here to walking-stick, 
church-going bell, leather apron, captive bonds ? What equivalent for la- 
boring day using a Norman genitive ? 357. Without is the sign of what 
combination? What attributive combinations with sign? 406. What 
adjective equivalent to of your profession? What language is the from? 
What pronominal element in it ? 308. Natural significance of this ele- 
ment? 236. Unabr. Gram., 167. What other words with the same el- 
ement — demonstrative pronouns, personal pronouns, adverbs of time, 
of place, manner, cause ? 308. What historic connection between this, 
that, and the? 217+ . Is there a similar relation in other languages 
which have a definite article between it and the demonstrative? 218. 
Unabr. Gram., 287. What is meant by the following : One : an : : that : 
the? Does the give notice that sign is to be described, or has been de- 
scribed ? Why is it called an article — connection of thought between 
this meaning of article and its other meanings ? Which pronominal ele- 
ment has your? 308. What case is it in Anglo-Saxon? 227. What 
does profession mean here ? Connection of thought between it and the 
verb profess ? Any thing peculiar in the use of the word here ? Why 
is being mechanical separated from the rest of the clause by a comma? 
Why is upon a laboring day? 513. 

Next clause? To whom spoken? Why is this one singled out? 
Kind of clause ? 404. Verb ? 245. Subject ? 352. Next clause ? Kind 
of clause? Verb? 245. Subject? 380, VIII. Is art a copula? 353. 
What is the predicate ? 353. What preposition might be used with 
trade ? Could of trade be a predicate ? 408. What of expressions like 
these : A tapster is a good trade, Merry Wives, i., 3 ; Your hangman is 
a more penitent trade, Measure for Measure, iv., 2? Is the ellipsis — 
e. g., to be a tapster (=tapster-ing) is a good trade, or a tapster is of a 
good trade ? In what form is the answer usually given to a question as 
to what a man's trade is ? May the expected answer modify the form 



SHAKESPEARE. 43 

1 Cit. Why, Sir, a carpenter. 

of the question — e. g., the expected answer being a carpenter instead of 
carpentering lead to saying art thou instead of dost thou follow ? Does 
Shakespeare ever use of in phrases like this? (Once. Measure for 
Measure, ii., 1.) What + trade is what kind of combination? 406. 
Pronominal element in what? 308. Its natural significance? 241. 
Unabr. Gram., 167. Meaning of —t in ivhat? 229. What other pro- 
nouns with the same ending? Pronominal letters in thou? 308. Their 
natural significance ? 228. Other words of same element ? What com- 
mon idea in thou and that? Is pointing the finger a natural gesture to 
accompany both? Was thou used in the time of Shakespeare more 
than it is now? 228. From superiors to inferiors how? From equals 
to equals how ? From inferiors to superiors ? What illustrations of its 
use in 228 ? How is it that the same expression should in one case be 
a mark of contempt, in another of affection, in another of reverence ? 
Do any class of persons now use it for you ? What reason do they give 
for it ? Was it ever a serious matter for them to say thou to a magis- 
trate ? Is thou used here with propriety ? How so ? Is this speech in 
verse? What kind? 493. The same as the Paradise Lost ? 500. Does 
it sound like the Paradise Lost ? Why not ? 

Scan the first verse ! What kind of a foot is the first? 483. Where 
is the caesura? 483. Scan the second ! Caesura where ? Fourth foot 
what kind ? Scan the third ! Caesura where ? First foot what kind ? 
Scan the fourth verse ! Caesura where ? Third foot what kind ? Scan 
the fifth verse ! Caesura where ? Why after profession rather than 
speak? Does the tribune put his speech into meter, or does it come so? 

Next clause? Who speaks? To whom? What does Worcester 
mean when he calls why a "mere emphatical expletive?" Is it the 
same word here as the common interrogative why? Supply an ellipsis 
so as to suggest how this use of why may have arisen ! What kind of 
sentence ? Verb ? Subject ? Why combines with what ? What kind 
of combination? 407. Which letters in why are the pronominal ele- 
ment? 308. Natural significance of this element? 241. Other words 
of the same element ? 308. What case is why in Anglo-Saxon ? (Abla- 
tive. Unabr. Gram., 313.) Grammatical equivalent using what? 

Next clause ? (Sir.) A complete or quasi-clause ? What kind ? 404. 
How is Sir parsed ? Next clause ? Supply the ellipsis ! Kind of clause ? 
404. Verb? 245. Subject? Predicate? 174. 



44 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Mar. Where is thy leather apron, and thy rule? 
What dost thou with thy best apparel on ? — 

Next clause? Kind? Who speaks? To whom? Subject? 174. 
Is is a copula ? 353. Predicate ? 353. Is this either of the predicates 
enumerated in 353 ? Can not position be predicated as well as quali- 
ty? Attributive combinations with apron ? Grammatical equivalent for 
leather apron? What analogy with laboring day? What pronominal 
element in where? 308. Its natural significance? 241. Other words 
of the same element ? What case is where in Anglo-Saxon ? (Genitive 
and dative. Unabr. Gram., 313.) Grammatical equivalent for it using 
what ? Pronominal element in thy ? 308. ' Its natural significance ? 
228. Equivalent to what gesture? 228. Other words of same ele- 
ment ? Why do Friends (Quakers) use thou for you ? Why is it used 
here ? What was the old English form .of apron ? (Napi^on.) What 
connection of thought between n-apron and nap, napkin ? Should we 
print leather apron or leather-apron ? Why ? 555. 

Next clause? Connective? Kind of clause? 404, 410. Verb? 
Subject? Copula? Predicate? Why ask for the apron and rule ? 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? 352. Direct object? 
360. With is the sign of what combination? Attributive combinations 
with apparel? 406. What part of speech is on? What ellipsis for it as 
a preposition ? Is it the sign of an attributive or objective combina- 
tion? 406, 407. What ellipsis for an objective combination, worn or 
put? Is apparel^ on thee an allowable combination? What analogy 
between this use of on and that of where in the two last clauses ? Do 
both describe the position of a thing rather than of an act — describe a 
substantive rather than a verb ? Give other examples of this use of ad- 
verbs ! 

Next clause? To whom spoken? What has the carpenter done? 
Is this a true proposition? Of what kind — declarative, interrogative, 
imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404, Is it a call for attention, 
or what ellipsis is there ? Why is this citizen addressed as you ? Is he 
a different kind of man from the first ? What is you called when thus 
used? (Pronomen r 'ever •entice. Unabr. Gram., p. 561.) Why should it 
be considered courteous to say you rather than thou ? What difference 
in the natural significance of th and y? 228. In what ways do other 
languages avoid the use of the demonstrative letters in courteous ad- 
dress ? 230, 228. 



SHAKESPEARE. ^ 45 

You, Sir; what trade are you? 

2 Cit. Truly, Sir, in respect of a fine workman, 
I am but, as you would say, a cobbler. 

Next clause? How is Sir parsed? Does it couple naturally with 
you ? Would thou, Sir, be good ? Why not ? Next clause ? Kind of 
clause ? Verb ? In what number ? Subject ? 352. In what number ? 
Do any grammars call you are singular? 228, 275. Why? Does the 
reason hold good for Shakespeare's language ? Should ice be put as a 
singular for a similar reason ? 226. - Is it true that you are, we are, are 
in any case destitute of all suggestions or associations of plurality? 226. 
If so, why does any one say we for If Is you still a pronomen reverential f 
Which is it that is different, the logical or the rhetorical force ? What 
is the predicate of this clause? 353, 408. How is trade parsed? Pro- 
nominal letters in what? 308. Their natural significance? 241. Force 
of — tf 229. Other pronouns of same ending? Is this clause in rhe- 
torical agreement with the first of the verse ? Does this tribune talk 
prose ? Scan the verses ! Rule for the pause after apron ? after you ? 
after Sir? 

Next clause? Who speaks? To whom? Does truly modify am, or, 
e.g., speak understood? — to speak, or I speak? Is it usual for inferiors 
to preface their speech with some affirmation like the cobbler's "Tru- 
ly, Sir;" "Indeed, Sir?" Illustrate from the speech of the Irish — the 
negro ! Of what natural feeling is it the expression ? What relation 
has it to conversational oaths ? Is it complimentary to a person to feel 
as if on oath when addressing him ? Which kind of clause does Sir re- 
semble? 404. What word is it contracted for? 

Read the clause in which am is the verb! Its subject? Predicate? 
A-\-cobbler is what kind of combination? What rhetorical figure in/ 
am a cobbler? 462. What are the two meanings? Why should cobbler 
(=mender of shoes') come to mean clumsy workman? What grammat- 
ical equivalent for but ? What is the original full form for which I am 
but a cobbler is an ellipsis ? What part of speech is Anglo-Saxon butan 
(=but)? (Preposition and conjunction.) Does but combine with am or 
cobbler ? Kind of combination ? Grammatical equivalent for in respect 
of? How can it mean in comparison with ? What combination is in a 
sign of? What combination is of a sign of? What kind of combina- 
tion is respect -\- of ' workman f How may in respect of be parsed togeth- 



46 ^METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Mar. But, what trade art thou ? Answer me 
directly. 

er? 299, T. As a sign of what combination? What difference between 
with respect to and in respect of? What attributive combinations with 
workman? Does fine literally describe the workman or the article 
wrought? By what figure is it applied to the workman? 459. What 
other words besides a from the Anglo-Saxon an? Does the a with 
icorkman mean the same as the a with cobbler ? Which is nearer the 
meaning, one icorkman or any workman? — one cobbler or any cobbler? 
What is the pronominal element in It 308. Is /a substitute for a de- 
scriptive name (noun), or a direct designation of a person ? 222. What 
propriety in calling it a pro-noun ? Which is the more frequent desig- 
nation of one's self, I or me ? Do children use one for the other ? 
What is the — m in am? 251, 3. 

What other clause in this speech ? What kind of clause — subordi- 
nate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. It 
modifies what ? Connective ? Verb ? Subject ? Any objective com- 
bination? 407. Mode and tense of verb? Analyze would say ; parse 
would alone ; say alone ! Is so to speak a grammatical equivalent for 
this clause ? What does the clause imply as to the use of the word 
cobbler ? How so ? What number is you ? Why used here in address- 
ing a single person? 228. Does this citizen talk in iambics? — in any 
meter ? Eule for the comma after truly ? — after Sir ? — after workman ? 
— after but ? — after say ? 543. 

Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? What kind of clause does 
but indicate — subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Copulative, disjunctive, 
adversative, or causal? 410. What are the two clauses it connects? 
Read the whole ellipsis ! 

Next clause ? What kind in relation to the clause supplied after but ? 
411. Is it a direct object of ask understood ? Verb ? Subject ? Pred- 
icate? Parse tirade! Pronominal letters in what? 308. Force of — t? 
229. Is — t in art a pronominal letter? Which pronoun does it repre- 
sent ? 251, 4 ; 308, 4. Pronominal elements in thou ? 308. What is 
indicated by the use of thou here instead of the former you ? What ges- 
ture naturally goes with thou? 228. Should there be a comma after 
but? Rule? 543. 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? Subject? 380, VIIL 
What objective combinations? 407. Does answer +me complete or ex- 



SHAKESPEARE. 47 

2 Cit. A trade, Sir, that, I hope, I may use 
with a safe conscience ; which is, indeed, Sir, a 
mender of bad soles. 

tend the predicate ? 408. Answer -{-directly? Is directly an adjunct of 
time or manner ? Connection of thought between answer and swear ? 
Pronominal letter in me ? 308. Other words of same element ? What 
does the tribune understand to have been meant by cobbler? Does he 
speak in meter ? Scan the line ! Name the feet ! What is — ly met- 
rically ? What is meant by hypercatalectic ? Are such verses common ? 

Next clause? Who speaks? To whom? Kind of clause? 404. 
Verb ? Subject ? Predicate ? Parse trade ! What kind of combina- 
tion is a-\- trade? 406. Next clause? Is Sir connected with any pre- 
dicative combination ? How is it parsed ? Next clause ? Subordinate 
or co-ordinate? Substantive, adjective, or adverb? It describes what 
noun? Connective ? 237. Verb? Subject? Direct object ? 360. What 
combination is with a sign of? What attributive combinations with con- 
science ? Is not this clause a direct object of hope ? Can the same clause 
be both a substantive and an adjective ? Must every substantive clause 
containing a relative be so ? Give examples ! What pronominal ele- 
ment in that ? 308. Its primary meaning ? 236. Connection between 
that here and the demonstrative that? Force of — t? 229. What was 
the pronominal consonant of I? 308. Mode and tense of may use ? 
Analyze it ; parse may alone ; use alone ; give grammatical equivalents 
to illustrate that use is an infinitive ! 

What kind of clause is I hope, independent, subordinate, or co-ordi- 
nate ? Is it part of the description of trade ? What peculiarity in its 
relations to the clause in which may use is the verb? Connection of 
thought between science and con-science ? What does the con- mean ? 
326,8. 

Next clause ? Kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? Substan- 
tive, adjective, or adverb? 411. What noun does it describe? Con- 
nective? 237. Verb? Subject? Predicate? Is which + is mender cor- 
rect grammar ? With what rule does it conflict ? Can you supply an 
ellipsis so as to make good syntax? Did Shakespeare mean which is to 
be a mender ? Whence the confusion ? (Compare former text and ques- 
tions.) What attributive combinations with mender ? — with soles ? 
What rhetorical figure in this clause ? 462. What are the two mean- 



48 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Flew. "What trade, thou knave ? thou naughty- 
knave, what trade ? 

ings of the sounds represented by soles ? Difference between mend and 
amend ? Mender of souls means what ? Does the tribune understand 
him to mean souls or soles? What " menders of souls" were becoming 
objects of popular ridicule in Shakespeare's time ? Was the Puritan a 
common character in comic plays a little later? What peculiarities of 
speech, dress, and manner were given him? — the same which are de- 
scribed in Hudibras? — the same which are now given in England to 
the traditional Yankee ? Is this speech to be spoken with a sanctimo- 
nious snuffle ? Would not that be an anachronism ? Is there any nat- 
ural connection between sanctimoniousness and snuffling ? What his- 
torical connection ? 

How is indeed parsed ? What etymological connection has it with 
the verb do? Which is more like it in fact or in truth ? Sir is a qua- 
si-clause of what kind ? 404. 

Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? Kind of clause ? 404. 
Verb ? Subject ? Predicate ? 353. Next clause ? Is there a predic- 
ative combination with thou? 405 — with knave? What kind of combi- 
nation is thou-\-knave ? 406. Next clause ? Is thou naughty knave a true 
proposition? 174. Parse thou! What kind of combination is thou-\- 
knave? — naughty + knave ? 406. Connection of thought between naughty 
and naught — what lines from Dr. Watts illustrate it ? Is knave in any 
other place in the play? (Twice in Act iv., Scene 3; Brutus to Lu- 
cius: 

" Poor knave, I blame thee not ;" — 
— " Gentle knave, good-night.' ■ 

Connection of thought between the meanings of knave? Next clause? 
Predicative combination ? 405. 

Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? Parse nay ! Will it en- 
ter into combination in a simple sentence? 396, IX. What kind of 
proposition is it like — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamato- 
ry, or optative ? 404. For what proposition is it a grammatical equiv- 
alent ? 396, IX. Etymological relation between ay and nay ? — nay and 
no? 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Predicative combination? 405. 
Objective combination? 407. Pronominal letter in you? 308. How 
related in force to th ? 228. Is you here the pronomen reverential? Con- 



SHAKESPEARE. 49 

2 Cit. Nay, I beseech, Sir, be not out with me: 
yet, if you be out, Sir, I can mend you. 

Mar. What meanest thou by that ? 
Mend me, thou saucy fellow? 



nection of thought between seek and he-seech f Force of be-? 315, 2. 
What kind of clause does Sir resemble ? 404:. 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? 380, VIII. What 
kind of combination is be+out? 407. — be+not? What combination is 
with the sign of? Meaning of out with me t — out of what ? 

Next clause ? Kind of clause — copulative, adversative, disjunctive, 
causal? 410. Connective? What clauses are connected? Verb? 
Mode and tense? Analyze can mend; parse can alone; mend alone! 
Give grammatical equivalents for each ! 272, 389. Predicative combi- 
nation? 405. Objective combination ? 407. 

Next clause ? Connective ? Kind of clause ? 411. Protasis or 
apodosis? 411, III., 4. What does it modify as an adverb? Subject? 
Predicate ? Mode and tense of be ? Why not are ? Parse Sir I Con- 
nection of thought between Sir and Senior ? Is the punning kept up ? 
462. What are the two meanings of be out? Out of what in each 
case ? What does mend you mean from the mender of souls f— from the 
mender of soles ? Which way does the tribune take him ? What rhe- 
torical form in a cobbler's mend you? 459, 469. 

Next clause? Who speaks? To whom? Kind of clause? 404. 
Verb? Subject? Rule for collocation? 384, 7. Object? 360. What 
combination is by the sign of? Pronominal letters in ichat ? 308. Their 
meaning? 241. Other words of same element — interrogatives, rela- 
tives, adverbs of time, place, manner, cause ? Pronominal element in 
thou? 308. Its meaning? 228. In that? 308. Its meaning? 236. 
Other words of this element — personal pronouns, relative, adverbs, con- 
junction ? Is thou rightly used ? Why not call him you, as at first ? 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? 352. Object? 360. 
Supply ellipsis to explain the tribune's state of mind ! 

Next clause? What syntactical combinations in thou saucy fellow? 
What kind of clause does it resemble — declarative, interrogative, im- 
perative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. Pronominal letters in thou? 
Equivalent to what gesture ? 228. Connection of thought between sau- 

c 



50 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

2 Cit, Why, Sir, cobble you. 

Flav. Thou art a cobbler, art thou % 

2 Cit. Truly, Sir, all that I live by is with the 

awl : I meddle with no tradesman's matters, nor 

women's matters, but, withal, I am, indeed, Sir, 

a surgeon to old shoes ; when they are in great 

cy and sauce f — sauce and salt? What is Attic salt? Is this regular 
meter ? Coleridge reads, 

"What mean'st by that?" etc.— 
what need of such a change ? Does not the sense show that the speech 
on page 48 belongs to the same tribune who speaks on page 49 ? Is it 
certain which it is ? What reason for giving both speeches to Marullus ? 

Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? What ellipsis with why ? 
Pronominal letters in why ? From which case in Anglo-Saxon ? (Ab- 
lative. Unabr. Gram., 313.) Other words of same element? 291. How 
is Sir parsed ? Next clause ? Verb ? Subject ? Object ? Is you sin- 
gular or plural ? 228. Cobble you means what here ? What rhetorical 
form ? 459, 469. 

Who speaks next? To whom? First clause? Subject? Predi- 
cate? Next clause? Subject? Predicate? What rule for colloca- 
tion ? 384, T. Why say thou ? Is this regular meter ? 

Who speaks next? To whom? What does truly modify? Subject 
of is ? Predicate ? What kind of clause is that I live by ? It describes 
what ? Meaning of the sentence ? Head the clause in which meddle is 
the verb ! What does it mean ? Connection of thought between med- 
dle and medley? Read the clause after nor! What verbal foolery? (2d 
Polio reads "woman's.") 

What pun in withal? When it is understood to be with awl, what is 
the clause after but ? What point after awl in that case ? 546. What 
other change in the pointing ? What is the clause after but when the 
next word is icithal? Any reason for changing the reading here (the 
1st Polio) to with awl or to with all? Which of the two meanings of 
any word in a pun should be represented to the eye ? Any principle 
that decides this case? What kind of combination is surgeon-\-to shoes? 
What rhetorical form? 458^ 452. What is the old form of surgeon? 
What analogy between chirurgeon and handiwork? Do you suppose 



SHAKESPEARE. 51 

danger, I recover them. As proper men as ever 
trod upon neat's-leather, have gone upon my 
handiwork. 

Flav. But wherefore art not in thy shop to-day? 
Why dost thou lead these men about the streets? 

2 Cit. Truly, Sir, to wear out their shoes, to 
get myself into more work. But, indeed, Sir, 

Shakespeare thought of this, and hence said surgeon of old shoes? What 
is the clause after when ? The next one ? Which is the leading clause ? 
What does recover rnean in surgeon's speech? — in cobbler's? What 
kind of clause is as ever trod upon neat's-leather? 411, III ; Becker, 337. 
As an adverb what does it modify ? What two clauses is this clause an 
abridgment of? Is the latter member of a comparison often abridged 
after as ? Give examples ! 401. What is this clause a circumlocution 
for ? Is it well put in the mouth of this speaker ? How so ? What is 
the subject of trod? Should not upon be down on? Do English or 
Americans now use upon most frequently? Meaning of proper men? 
Hebrews, xi., 23. 

Who speaks next? To whom? What two clauses are connected by 
but? (Compare second speech of Marullus.) Clause after wherefore? 
Grammatical equivalent for wherefore containing what? Meaning of to 
in to-day ? Analogous uses of the preposition to ? 

Next clause? Kind of clause ? 404. Verb? Subject? Direct ob- 
ject? What pronominal letters in why? 308. Grammatical equiva- 
lent containing what ? How is lead parsed separate from dost ? What 
pronoun does — st in dost represent? 251, 4. Force of pronominal ele- 
ment th in thou ? 228 — in these ? — in the ? Singular of these ? Is — e 
the plural adjective ending in Anglo-Saxon ? 236, 2. Does this speech 
suggest why this citizen was at first addressed as you ? 

Who speaks next? Does his truly, Si?*, introduce more foolery? 
Clause with truly ? How is Sir parsed ? What ellipsis before to wear ? 
Meaning of out ? Connection of thought between out here and in out 
of doors ? Did the Romans wear shoes like ours ? Pronominal ele- 
ment in their? 308. Is to get in a separate clause from to wear? Com- 
position of myself? Do the other personal pronouns take the genitive 
with self? 232 -f . Did you ever hear his-self? Was it ever in good 



52 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

we make holiday to see Caesar, and to rejoice in 
his triumph. 

Mar. Wherefore rejoice? What conquest 
brings he home ? 

use? 233. Is the history of many " vulgarisms" similar ? Give exam- 
ples! What combination is into the sign of? What verbal antithesis 
here? 438. More work than what? Meaning of get into more work? 
Is there truth in this answer of the cobbler ? What class of men are 
most forward now in getting up holidays ? If tavern-keepers, why ? 

What clauses does hut connect ? (See before.) Indeed modifies what ? 
Is it more like in truth or in fact? Pronominal element in we ? Other 
words of same element ? 308. Can there be a true plural of I? (Bopp, 
Comp. Gram. , § 331.) Does we here mean / and you, or I and they? 
Do any languages have two forms to express these two meanings ? 
Connection of thought between holiday and holy day? Meaning of to 
before see? 388, II. What does awe? connect? Pronominal element in 
his ? 308. Other words of same element, what three adverbs of place ? 
Meaning of — s in his? Describe a Eoman general's triumph! Did 
Caesar have a triumph for his defeat of Pompey's sons at Munda, Spain, 
17th March, B.C. 45 ? (Yes, his fifth and last.) Is that what is meant 
here? Is there verisimilitude in making the cobbler a brawler and 
punster? How old is the proverb, Let the cobbler stick to his last? 
Is cobbling more apt to produce this character than tailoring? — than 
watch-making or other sedentary trades ? If so, why ? Why should 
any of them prodiTce it ? 

Who speaks next ? To whom ? Pirst clause ? Kind of clause ? 404. 
Verb? 245. Subject? 174, 356. What objective combination? Com- 
position of wherefore ? Which case of what does where represent ? (Gen- 
itive and dative, 296, 236.) Grammatical equivalent for where-fore ? 
Pronominal element ? 308. Other words of the same element? Is it a 
relative or interrogative element in Anglo-Saxon ? 237, II. 

Second clause? Kind of clause ? 404. Direct or indirect? Verb? 
245. Subject ? 174. Rule for collocation ? 356, 1. Direct object ? 360. 
What other objective combination ? Does home complete or extend the 
predicate? 408. What kind of adjunct is it — of time, place, mode, 
cause ? 408. What preposition would express the relation of brings to 
home ? Does our idiom allow the use of it with home alone ? — with his 



SHAKESPEAKE. 53 

What tributaries follow him to Rome, 
To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels ? 
You blocks, you stones, you worse than sense- 
less things ! 

home or our home ? Parse home ! Meaning of — t in what ? 229. Mean- 
ing of conquest here ? — of brings home ? Did the Roman general have 
borne before his triumphal chariot the countries he had conquered? 
Pronominal element in he? 308. Have other words of the same ele- 
ment occurred in the play ? Who is he ? 

Third clause? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. 
Direct object ? 360. Objective adjunct of place ? 408. Of purpose ? 
388, II. What grammatical equivalent will expand to grace into a pre- 
dicative combination ? Is in the sign of a combination between grace 
and bonds, or tributaries and bonds ? What does wheels combine with ? 
Kind of combination ? Meaning of — s in his ? — of — m in him ? 229. 
What analogy between captive bonds, and laboring day (verse 4), and 
chariot wheels ? Plow does captive bonds differ from captives' 1 bonds? — 
chariot wheels from chariot's wheels ? What custom is referred to ? Does 
this speech display rhetorical art? 424. "What is its purpose — to per- 
suade the people to do what? 424. — to bring the minds of the people to 
the same state with the speaker's in what respect ? 425. Does he be- 
gin in a skillful manner ? How so — whose triumphal processions would 
these questions remind the people of? What had been the most brill- 
iant triumph ever seen in Rome? What other triumphs had Pompey 
received ? What tributaries had graced Pompey 's chariot wheels ? Cae- 
sar had just conquered whom? Is there anadiplosis here? 435. Ero- 
tesis? 451. Is the speech in regular meter? What kind of foot is the 
first ? 483. Caesura where in the first verse ? — in the second ? — in the 
third ? What is the effect of the regular movement of the caesura to- 
ward the end of the lines ? (Compare Milton : questions, p. 20.) What 
is the last foot ? Rule for the comma after Rome ? 543. 

Next clause? What kind of combination is you + blocks ? 406. You 
-f stones? 406. You-\- worse? Is there any predicative combination in 
the line ? Read its clause ! What kind of clause ? 410, III. Con- 
nective ? 301. What does it connect ? Verb after it ? Subject ? Pred- 
icate ? 353. What ecphonesis here ? 446. What metaphors ? 458. 
Does rhetoric teach the orator to call his audience blocks and stones ? 



54 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

O, you hard hearts, you cruel men of Rome, 
Knew you not Pompey ? Many a time and oft 

Does a discussion of the rhetorical art of a particular speech imply a 
consideration of the character of the speaker and of the audience, and 
of the circumstances of both ? What in the relations of the tribunes to 
the people carries off such an address ? Were the tribunes popular fa- 
vorites ? — chosen for any purpose which would make a gift for scolding 
a popular qualification ? Had the people heard Marullus berate the pa- 
tricians, and liked it? Do demagogues usually have this gift? Why? 
Do the populace like to be scolded sometimes ? Why ? Are good dis- 
ciplinarians favorites ? Why ? What kind of looking man do you con- 
ceive this tribune to be — e. g., large, small, loud, gentle, rapid, slow; 
of what temperament, eyes, nose, dress, manners? What effect does 
this line produce on the populace ? 

Next clause ? 402. is a quasi-proposition of what kind ? 404. A 
natural expression of what feeling? 305. What difference between 
and Oh? 305, 548. Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Has it any 
predicative combination ? 405. What combinations has it ? What rhe- 
torical figures? 446? 469? 459? 458? Next clause? What combi- 
nations ? What rhetorical art in this verse ? How does it follow up 
the effect of the verse before ? Next clause ? Kind ? 404. Direct or 
indirect? Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Object? 360. Rule for collo- 
cation? 356. Rhetorical form? 451. What art? Have remembran- 
ces of Pompey been before excited ? What effect has the utterance of 
his name? Give illustrations to show the power of a name — e. g., in 
love, in hatred ! Is this a question of doubt or appeal? Unabr. Gram., 
p. 484. It is pregnant with what affirmative proposition ? 

Next predicative combination ? 405. How many times must it be re- 
peated to fill out the propositions which are here abridged ? Is up to be 
repeated with it ? Is many a time and oft ? Your infants in your arms ? 
Any other adjuncts ? Analyze many a time ; what does a mean ? Home 
Tooke, p. 592, says it is a corruption of of; how would you go to work 
to find out whether he is right ? Ought the grammars or the dictiona- 
ries to explain it, or both ? Can you find it explained in either ? Fail- 
ing there, where will you go next — to the Anglo-Saxon ? [In Anglo- 
Saxon there are two forms of many — a substantive and an adjective. 
The adjective is often used in the singular with a singular noun, in the 
same wav as the German manch and Lafcin multus — i. e., manig man= 



SHAKESPEARE. 55 

Have you climbed up to walls and battlements, 
To towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops, 
Your infants in your arms, and there have sat 



many a man. This use continues abundant in semi- Saxon (Layamon) 
and in the earliest English (Ormulum) ; it is not uncommon in Eobert 
<*f Gloucester ; in Chaucer it is rare, except many oon following a plural 
— e. g., "With him ther wente knyghtes many oon." 

Cant Tales, 2120. 

In the Bible, as at present printed, it is not found. "Many's the good 
time" (T. Jones, ii., 105) still survives. The same form with the arti- 
cle inserted is also common in semi-Saxon — e. g., moni ennes monnes 
bone— many a man's bane (Lay., i., 322); in .Chaucer it is the establish- 
ed form; later there is fluctuation — e. g., a many of men, many of men, a 
many sons (Shakespeare) : these last, however, are probably descendants 
or examples of the noun many, which was in common use down to 
Shakespeare's time, and still survives in the phrases a great many, a 
good many: 365, 9; 367, VII., 369.] Why has the article been intro- 
duced in this phrase ? Is a hundred men in any respect analogous ? Is 
twenty-five dollars a hundred? Is four times a space? — double a distance? 
365. Parse time! parse many! Are there any other adjective pro- 
nouns which take the article between them and the substantive ? 365. 
What does and before oft connect ? Is many a time and oft elsewhere 
in Shakespeare ? Merch. Yen., i., 3 .; 1 K. Hen. IV., i., 2 : many time and 
oft, 2 K. Hen. VI., ii., 1. What rhetorical form? 473. Other phrases 
of emphatic tautology ? {forever and ever; again and again.) Is many 
and many a time a grammatical equivalent? Which is more in use 
now ? Which is more forcible ? Why ? Analyze have climbed ; parse 
climbed separately ; what does it agree with as a participle ? What is 
the complete proposition for which and battlements stands? — for which 
to towers stands? — and windows? What kind of quasi-proposition is 
yea? 396, IX., 404. Is_a whole proposition implied? If so, give it! 
Proposition for which to chimney-tops is abridged ? Reason for attach- 
ing your infants in your arms only to the last proposition ? Does it in 
that way better cap the climax? 444. Are not these traits taken from 
the habit of a London populace? How did the Roman sovereign peo- 
ple provide for their convenience on such occasions ? Is this an anach- 
ronism ? What rhetorical art here ? Main purpose of speech is what ? 



56 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

The live-long day, with patient expectation, 
To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome : 

Immediate purpose here ? For what secondary purpose does he wish 
to vividly depict one of Pompey' s triumphs ? To put them in the same 
state of mind that they were then in ? How will that help to the main 
purpose ? Is it a skillful way of exciting them against Ceesar to revive 
their old love for Pompey ? Why better than a direct attack on Cae- 
sar ? What rhetorical maxim can you generalize from this ? Why is 
the description of a triumph a skillful way of reviving love for Pom- 
pey ? Can you generalize a maxim from it ? Are the circumstances 
and the words skillfully picked and arranged to this end ? How so ? 
Why your infants in your arms ? Is it specially vivid pictorially ? How 
so ? Vivid to the feelings ? How so ? Can you generalize ? Would 
it not be better to have given a formal description — e.g., Remember how 
Rome looked when Pompey tHumphed ; throngs of people climbed the walls, 
etc., etc. ? Write out such a description! Why is the tribune's way 
of putting it better ? 

Connection of thought between window and wind? What does it 
suggest about the Anglo-Saxon houses ? Chimney is from the Latin : 
what does that suggest about the Anglo-Saxon houses — that they had 
no chimneys ? Infant is from the Latin : what does that suggest — that 
the Anglo-Saxons had no infants ? Syntax of infants? 

Next clause? Kind of clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. 
Copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or causal ? 410. Connective ? And 
connects what clauses ? Verb in this clause ? 245. Subject ? 352. 
Objective adjunct of place ? 408 — of time ? — of manner ? — of purpose ? 
388,11. Logical object of see ? Subject of pass? Case of Pompey? 
Expand the last line into two complete propositions ! What kind of 
combination is pass + streets? What is meant by it? Give illustra- 
tions of our use of pass with a direct object of place ! Is our use like 
this ? Which pronominal element is in there ? 308. Grammatical equiv- 
alent for there containing that ? Pronominal element in the ? 308. What 
relation has the to that? 217. Is the article a part of speech essential 
to language ? 218. What cultivated languages have none ? 218. Is 
the origin of articles uniform? 218. Composition of live-long? Does 
it belong to any class of compounds described in the grammar? 316-K 
[The, German has den lieben langen tag=the lief (dear) long day.'} How 
is day parsed ? What preposition would express the relation ? What 



SHAKESPEARE. 57 

And, when you saw his chariot but appear, 
Have you not made an universal shout, 
That Tiber trembled underneath her banks, 

language is streets from ? 37. What fact about the Roman roads does 
the history of this word suggest ? Are they still to be seen in En- 
gland ? What rhetorical art in this clause ? What is the state of mind 
of the people when it begins ? — when it ends ? Explain the effect ! 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 410. Connective? 410. It con- 
nects what clauses? Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Direct object? 360. 
Analyze have made ; parse have alone ; made alone ! 272. Is made a 
weak or strong verb? 247. It is contracted from what? What pro- 
nominal element in you? 308. You was originally in what case? 227. 
Why an rather than a? Does it follow the rule in 216 ? Which is the 
original form ? How late is the complete establishment of the rule ? 
(Angus says printers are still apt to insert an before vocal h and u. — 
Hand-Book ; London, 1862.) Connection of thought between shout and 
shoot? Read the clause after when! Kind of clause? 411. What 
kind of adverb ? 411, III. Modifies what verb ? Connective ? 396, IV. 
Verb ? Subject ? Adjunct of time ? 408. Logical direct object ? Ex- 
pand appear into a full clause ! What is its subject ? Parse chariot ! 
Why is the subject of an infinitive put in the accusative? Is it usually, 
when expressed, in the position of an object of the verb on which the 
infinitive depends? 388, VII. Is the statement in 388, VII., correct 
throughout? Grammatical equivalent for hut? What does but com- 
bine with ? Meaning of the combination ? Describe a triumphal char- 
iot; how shaped; how drawn! — the dress of the conqueror! What 
kind of looking man was Pompey — good for such an occasion ? Pro- 
nominal element in when? 308. Which case in Anglo-Saxon is when 
from? (Accusative.) What adverbs of place from the same element? — 
of time? — of cause? — of manner? Pronominal element of his? 308. 
Meaning of — s in his ? Connection of thought between chariot and 
cart ?—cart and car ? — car and carry ? What does the present meaning 
of cart suggest as to the use of wheeled vehicles among the early En- 
glish ? How may it suggest street and the questions asked about it be- 
fore ? Do you know the story of Sir Lancelot of the Round Table, es- 
pecially why he was called Lancelot of the Cart ? 

Next clause ? What other particle is understood before that ? What 
C2 



58 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

To hear the replication of your sounds 
Made in her concave shores ? 

kind of clause ? Subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Substantive, ad- 
jective, or adverbial? 411. What does it modify? Its verb? Trem- 
ble is from Latin tremulus (= English tremulous) ; can you think of other 
examples of a euphonic b inserted after accented m followed by / or r ? 
Any akin to humility ? — to numerous ? Subject ? Underneath is a sign 
of what combination ? To is a sign of what combination ? What kind 
of combination is trembled '+ to hear? 407, 408. Does to have its usual 
meaning here — i. e., purpose or end ? Is at a common meaning of the 
Anglo-Saxon to before a gerund ? 389. (Yes.) Grammatical equivalent 
for to hear using at ? Expand to hear into a clause with full predicative 
combination ! What is meant by replication of sounds ? Do we now 
say replication or reverberation? Is reverberation in Shakespeare? (No.) 
Milton? (No. Cudworth has " replications [or echoes]," Chaucer has 
reverberacioun, so Bacon, Shakespeare has reverb and reverberate). Why 
say her banks, her shores ? What rhetorical figure ? 463. Was Tiber 
feminine in Latin? Are names of rivers usually so in Latin and Greek? 
Why does Shakespeare make it so ? Is the trembling better suited to 
a woman ? Would you not like to know, before you accept that ex- 
planation, whether he uses the same gender in other places ? He does 
— why ? Of what gender is his in Anglo-Saxon ? 229. — in the Bible ? 
Exod., xxxvifc, 17; 1 Kings, vii., 23; Matt., v., 13; xxvi., 52. — in 
Shakespeare? Had its become fully established in the time of Mil- 
ton? (No. He uses it perhaps only twice in Paradise Lost — i., 254; 
iv., 813. Trench says not at all — English, Past and Present, p. 120.) 
Did his of itself denote personification in Shakespeare's time ? Is this 
a reason for frequency of feminine personification down to Milton? 
(Compare P. L., i., 723 ; ii., 4, 175, 271, 584, etc.) Are names of riv- 
ers usually feminine in the Germanic languages ? (Yes, and in the Scla- 
vonic : Grimm, D. G., 3, 386.) Why should these languages so differ 
from the Latin and Greek ? Is it accident, or something different in the 
rivers or in the people ? 181,182; and see after: Chaucer, line*7. 

Meaning of concave shores ? — concave on account of a bend in the river, 
or the washing out of the banks into caves haunted by the River-god- 
dess ? If the first, why plural shores ? Distinction between shore and 
bank? Is it the same here and in the next speech? Connection of 
thought between shore and shear, and -share and -shire ? Between bank 
and bankrupt f 



SHAKESPEARE. 59 

And cfo you now put on your best attire? 
And do you now cull out a holiday? 
And do you now strew flowers in his way, 

What rhetorical art in the five last lines? The main end in the 
speech ? The immediate purpose here ? Rome at Pompey's triumph is 
here described in relation to which of the senses ? In relation to which 
had it been before described ? Is it the natural order of description — 
eye first, then ear? Why? Which affects most profoundly — e. #., sight 
of pain without hearing, or hearing groans, etc., without seeing? Give 
illustrative facts ! Are not the last verses rather grandiloquent ? Are 
they suited to the audience ? How so ? Any peculiarities in the me- 
ter ? Is the sound well suited to the sense ? What words and phrases 
aid the effect most? Is 

Made in her concave shores 
a whole verse ? Does Shakespeare often use hemistichs as lines ? (Yes.) 
Why this one? Should there be a comma between and and when? 
Rule? 543. Should there be one after banks? Rule? 

Next clause ? Kind ? 404. Direct or indirect interrogative ? Is 
there any thing peculiar in the use of and here ? Aj*e there any co-or- 
dinate sentences distinctly expressed? — or conceived ? Is it used to en- 
force a contrast ? Can you find this use described in your grammar ? 
What are to be contrasted ? State in full the train of thought, by im- 
plying which the contrast is enforced ? Verb in this clause ? Analyze 
do put; parse do alone; put alone! Give grammatical equivalents for 
each to show how^m* is governed ! Put your attire on what ? 

Next clause ? Kind ? 404. Has and the same force as in the former 
line? What is the rhetorical purpose of the repetition? What is it 
called? 437. Analyze do cull; parse do alone ; cull alone ! Give gram- 
matical equivalents for each ! Connection of thought between cull and 
collect ? Cull out from what ? Connection of thought between holiday 
and holy day ? 

Next clause? Has and the same force, as in the line before? Why 
is the anaphora continued ? Verb ? Analyze do strew ; parse do alone ; 
strew alone! Give grammatical equivalents for each! Subject? 352. 
Collocation? 384. Direct object? 360. What custom is referred to ? 
Objective combination of time ? — of place ? Connection of thought be- 
tweenjflower and flour ? How late is the separation of these two words ? 



60 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood ? 
Be gone ! 

Run to your houses, fall upon your knees, 
Pray to the Gods to intermit the plague 

(Johnson's Dictionary has flower with all the meanings ; no flour.} Is 
this a common mode of reproduction among words ? 340. Give other 
examples! What word generated from antique? — human? — courtesy? 
From what is generated posy ? — balm ? — pity ? What propriety in call- 
ing this process flssiparous generation ? 

Next clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, ad- 
jective, or adverbial? 411. Describes what noun or pronoun? Any 
thing unusual in the idiom ? Grammatical equivalent for that ? 237. 
Connective? 237. Verb? Predicative combination ? 405. What com- 
bination is in sl sign of? What word from triumph by "flssiparous gen- 
eration?" What combination is over the sign of? Pompey* s + hlood is 
what kind of combination? 406. What rhetorical forms? 451. Cli- 
max? 444. Was the blood of Pompey shed at Munda? Does blood 
mean offspring here ? If so, as its literal meaning or by special figure ? 
Has the word rhetorical force for the tribune's purpose? How so? 
What art in saying his, that comes in triumph over Pompey' *s blood, instead 
of Ccesar? Should his have emphasis? What kind of foot is his way'/ 
How many syllables is flowers here ? Rule for the comma after way ? 
543. 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? What does gone com- 
bine with ? Parse it ! How does this clause differ rhetorically from im- 
perative go ? Is this a complete verse ? What fitness in such a bit of a 
hemistich here ? Is there more propriety in having the pause indicated 
by the absent hemistich before or after be gone ? Why ? If before it, 
where should be gone be printed ? 

Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. What combination is 
upon the sign of? Are both parts (up-on) significant? 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Predicative combination? 405. What 
combination is to the sign of? Gods, why plural? Pray -f to intermit 
what kind of combination ? 407. Expand to intermit into a clause with 
a predicative combination ? Meaning of intermit here ? How different 
from withhold in shade of idea and rhetorical force? Connection of 
thought between plague and flog; — who afflicts (=flogs) whom in a 
plague ? 



SHAKESPEARE. 61 

That needs must light on this ingratitude. 
Flav. Go, go, good countrymen, and, for this 
fault, 
Assemble all the poor men of your sort ; 

Next clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, ad- 
jective, or adverbial? 411. Describes what? Connective? 376, I. 
Verb? Subject? 352. Light -f on ingratitude is what kind of combina- 
tion? 407. Needs -f- must light? Derivation of needs? 292. Gram- 
matical equivalent using an analytic genitive ? 194. Analyze must light ; 
parse must alone ; light alone ! Give grammatical equivalents ! What 
ingratitude were the people guilty of? Pronominal element in that? 
308. Other words of same element? Meaning of — t in that? 229. 
Other words in which — t has same meaning? Meaning of — s in 
needs? 292. Pronominal element in this? 308. Natural significancy 
of it ? It corresponds to what gesture ? 228. What rhetorical art in 
this conclusion ? What sentiments are appealed to ? Does it give a 
climax with the foregoing ? 444. 

Who speaks next? To whom? First clause? Predicative combi- 
nation? 405. Next clause? Predicative combination? 405. What 
rhetorical form? 450. Next clause? Has it a predicative combina- 
tion ? What kind of proposition is it most like ? 404. Meaning of 
countrymen? Is fellow-countrymen good English? Meaning of good 
here? Give examples of its similar use! Matt., xx., 11. Does this 
tribune's manner differ from the other's ? In what respect ? 

Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. Direct object ? 360. 
Attributive combinations with men? 406. Does the here direct atten- 
tion to its substantive as having been before described or as to be de- 
scribed? What words constitute the description? Meaning of sort? 
What combination is for the sign of? Pronominal element in this? 
308. Natural significance ? 228. Other words of same element ,• per- 
sonal pronouns; adverbs of manner? Pronominal element in the? 
What is meant by one : a : : that : the? Pronominal element in your? 
308. How related in natural significance to thf 228. Meaning of — r 
in your ? 227, 225, 209. Other pronouns in which it has the same force ? 
Connection of thought between assemble and siniul-teiueous ? Is the b 
in assemble euphonic or emphatic ? When is it inserted ? (See before, 
p. 58.) Give other examples ! 



62 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Draw them to Tiber banks, and weep your tears 
Into the channel, till the lowest stream 
Do kiss the most exalted shores of all. 

[Exeunt Citizens. 

Next clause? Predicative combination? 405. Objective combina- 
tions? 407. Why not Tiber's banks? Pronominal element in them? 
Is them a personal pronoun in Anglo-Saxon ? 229. Force of — m? 229. 
Give other words in which it is a sign of the dative case ! Why has the 
dative termination rather than the accusative survived for our object- 
ive ? Connection of thought between bank and bankrupt ? 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 404, 409. Verb? Subject? 380, 
VIII. Objective combinations? 407. Is tears a direct or factitive ob- 
ject ? 360. What fitness in calling it a cognate accusative ? Is it not 
pleonastic ? 473. Connection of thought between weep and whoop ? 
What does it suggest about the manners of early ages ? Is weep tears 
a common idiom in Shakespeare? (No; shed tears, or drop.) — in the 
English Bible ? — in Milton? (Yes; never shed, once drop some tears.) 
What characteristic of Milton is indicated ? Connection of thought be- 
tween channel and canal? — and kennel? — and cane? — and cannon? — and 
canon ? Any fissiparous generation here ? Your tears — has you the same 
meaning here as before ? Does the direct attention to its substantive as 
well known, or to be described ? Is this the use described in 370, X. ? 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 411. It modifies what? Its verb? 
Subject? Object? What is meant by lowest stream? — most exalted 
shores? Rule for the formation of superlatives ? 202 + . Which is the 
Anglo-Saxon mode of formation? Why should short words form in 
the Anglo-Saxon way more than long ones ? Any other reason than 
that given in 203 ? Of all what ? What relation is denoted by of? 359. 
Why called partitive ? Connection of thought between shore and shear ? 
Difference between shore and bank ? Ought not the verb to be does kiss ? 
Meaning of kiss ? What figure ? 463. Is the tribune in earnest in the 
substance of this direction ? Do you know any custom which would 
countenance such a performance ? What is hyperbole ? 453. Is this 
mighty pathetic? Does it answer its purpose? Is it, therefore, true 
eloquence ? 

Next clause? To whom spoken? Predicative combination? 405, 
380, VIII. Next clause ? Kind of clause ? 409. Should not the verb 



SHAKESPEAEE. 63 

See, wheV their basest metal be not moved ! 
They vanish tongue-tied in their guiltiness. 
Go you down that way towards the Capitol ; 
This way will I : Disrobe the images, 
If you do find them deckt with ceremonies. 

be is moved? Was the use of whether as one syllable common in the 
time of Shakespeare? (Yes, printed exactly like the adverb where.) 
Connection of thought between metal and mettle f Which is meant here ? 
The metaphor is taken from the metal of what ? How late is the adop- 
tion of the form mettle? (It is in Bailey's Dictionary.) Is it a case of 
fissiparous generation ? What other cases have occurred iri this ex- 
tract ? Is basest here a partitive or general appellative ? Translate the 
clause into other language ! Is this the real opinion which demagogues 
hold of the people they manage ? 

Next clause? Predicative combination? 405. Meaning of vanish ? 
It suggests a comparison between what? It sounds like what cant word 
that might be used for it ? What interest has the last question for the 
scientific linguist ? Meaning of tongue-tied ? Whence the word ? — is the 
tongue ever literally tied? Pronominal element in they? 308. Mean- 
ing of it ? Was they a demonstrative in Anglo-Saxon ? 229. Meaning 
of — rin their? 229, 209. 

Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. Parse way ! How is 
it known what way he means ? The pronominal element in that ? 308. 
What gesture is it equivalent to? How does Shakespeare pronounce 
towards ? How can you tell ? What part of the city could they have 
been in, so that going to the Capitol would be down? Force of the? 
370. Difference between Capital and Capitol? Are these words pro- 
duced by fissiparous generation? What ellipsis in the next clause? 
403. Pronominal element in this? — in I? What kind of clause is 
disrobe the images ? How does dis- affect the meaning of robe ? 326. 
Should it not rather be derobe ? Give other words in which dis- has the 
same sense ! What images are meant ? What is meant by disrobing 
them ? 

Next clause? Protasis or apodosis ? 411. Verb? Subject? Direct 
object? Analyze do find; parse do alone; find alone. Give gram- 
matical equivalents for both ! What kind of form is do find called ? 
280. Is do really emphatic here ? In such cases does it now strength- 



64 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Mar. May we do so ? 
You know, it is the feast of Lupercal. 
Flav. It is no matter ; let no images 

en or enfeeble the expression? Is the unemphatic form common in 
Shakespeare ? How many times has it occnrred in this extract ? Was 
it then an archaism ? Do young poets often use it now ? Why ? Con- 
nection of thought between deck here and deck of a ship ? Is decorate 
of the same root ? Has it perhaps affected the meaning of deck ? How? 
Meaning of ceremonies? [Insignia, e.g., of royalty or the like. — "His 
(a king's) ceremonies laid by, in his nakedness he appears but a man," 
K. Hen. V., iv., 1. — " There were set up images of Caesar in the city, 
with diadems upon their heads like kings. These the tribunes, Flavius 
and Marullus, went and pulled down," North's Plutarch.] Connection 
of thought between the common meaning of ceremonies and this ? (Com- 
pare 

— u and th' invisible 
Glory of him that made them, to transform 
Oft to the Image of a Brute, adorn'd 
AVith gay Religions full of Pomp and Gold,— etc." 

P. L., i., 369-f-.) 

Rule for the point after moved? 548. After Capitol? 544. After It 
545. After images ? 543. Does this tribune speak in iambics ? Good 
ones ? With more or less variety than the former ? 

Who speaks next ? To whom ? Verb ? 245. Subject ? 352. Do + 
so is what kind of combination? 407. Analyze may do; parse may 
alone ; do alone ! 272, 389. Is this the common use of do ? Do so 
represents what clause ? 

Next clause? Government of it is the feast of Lupercal? 411, I., 3. 
What does it stand for? 373, XIII. Predicative combination? 405. 
When was the feast of Lupercal holden ? — in honor of whom ? Why 
so called ? How does Shakespeare pronounce Lupercal ? How do you 
find out ? With what ceremonies was it holden ? How do you recon- 
cile this statement with the second line in the scene ? 

Who speaks next? First predicative combination? 405. Connec- 
tion of thought between the common meaning of matter and the mean- 
ing here? — between matter and material? Old form oiitt 229. What 
is the pronominal letter in hit? 308. Force of — t in it? 229. It is 
the neuter of what masculine ? 



SHAKESPEARE. 65 

Be hung with Caesar's trophies. I'll about, 
And drive away the vulgar from the streets : 
So do you too, where you perceive them thick. 
These growing feathers pluckt from Caesar's wing, 
Will make him fly an ordinary pitch ; 
Who else would soar above the view of men, 
And keep us all in servile fearfulness. [Exeunt. 

Next clause? Verb? Subject ? 380, VIII. Syntax of images ? Be 
hung combines with what? Kind of combination? 407, 408. Analyze 
be hung; parse be alone ; hung alone ! Can let be hung be parsed togeth- 
er? 271, VIII. (See Paradigms.) What kind of combination is Cce- 
sar's-\- trophies ? 406. Meaning of trophies ? — same as ceremonies above ? 
What kind of clause is Til about? Its verb ? 289, 380, X. 

Next clause? Predicative combination? Mode and tense of verb? 
Analyze it ! Connection of thought between away and way ? Meaning 
of the vulgar ? Connection of thought between this meaning and that in 
vulgar fractions? What questions have been asked about street? 

Next clause ? Verb ? Subject ? Does do represent a clause or be- 
long with a verb understood? Next clause? Kind? 411. Verb? 
Subject ? Object ? Is thick an attributive adjective ? Is it better called 
predicative or factitive? Why? 

Next clause ? Verb ? Subject ? What kind of combination is make 
-\-him? — make -\-fly?— fly -\-pitch? What attributive combinations with 
feathers ? What figure in this clause ? 458. Put it in the form of a 
simile ! 467. There is a metaphor like this in the Letters of Junius, 
which has been called the best in our literature : do you remember it ? 
476, 12. If Junius had this passage in mind while writing, is he guilty 
of plagiarism ? Meaning of — e in these ? 236. — of — m in him ? Why 
should the dative sign be kept for our objective ? Is it so in other pro- 
nouns ? Connection of thought between pitch and pick ? Does point 
ever mean pick ? — ever mean pitch ? Give examples ! Does fly a pitch 
mean fly to a point on a scale? Whence the phrase " stick a pin there?" 

Next clause? Kind of clause? 411. Describes what? Is him em- 
phatic? " What difference would be made in the sense by giving empha- 
sis to him and omitting the point after pitch ? What connective and 
personal pronoun would be an equivalent for icho ? Is the addition in 



66 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

SCENE II. — The same.- A public Place. Enter, in procession, with 
music, Cesar ; Antony, for the course ; Calphuenia, Portia, De- 
ctus, Cicero, Brutus, Cassius, and Casca, a great crowd following, 
among them a Soothsayer. 

^j % % sH H: % 

Sooth. Csesar. 

Cces. Ha ! who calls ? 

Casca. Bid every noise be still : — Peace yet again. 

[Music ceases. 

Cces. Who is it in the press that calls on me ? 
I hear a tongue, shriller than all the music, 
Cry, Caesar. Speak ; Caesar is turned to hear. 

Sooth. Beware the ides of March. 

Cces. What man is that ? 

Brut. A soothsayer, bids you beware the ides of March. 

Cces. Set him before me, let me see his face. 

this way of a subordinate clause to a sentence which had been com- 
pleted common in Shakespeare? (Yes.) — common in careful writers 
now ? What effect on the style ? Does it add to its air of ease and 
naturalness? Analyze would soar! What figure? 458. The literal 
meaning. 

Next clause ? Kind of clause ? Mode and tense of the verb ? Is the 
figure of the former line carried out ? How is keeping in fearfulness 
connected with soaring out of view ? Pronominal element in us f 308. 
Other words of same element? 225. (Go on with similar questions 
through the additional extracts !) 

Synoptical. — Is this a good scene to open with ? Why ? What is 
there to attract attention — show, bustle, fun, eloquence ? (Is the sec- 
ond scene a good one to follow ? Why ?) 

What variety in this scene among the characters ? Difference be- 
tween the tribunes and the people ? Between the tribunes ? Between 
the carpenter and the cobbler ? What variety in looks ? Describe Ma- 
rullus ! (See above, p. 54.) Describe Flavius ! Do you imagine him 
large or small ? — loud or gentle ? — of what temperament ? — general 
shape and size of head ? — phrenological bumps ? — eyes, nose, mouth ? — 
manners? Which tribune would use most Anglo-Saxon ? Describe the 



SHAKESPEARE. 67 

Cas. Fellow, come from the throng : look upon Caesar. 
Cms. What say'st thou to me now? Speak once again. 
Sooth. Beware the ides of March. 
Cms. He is a dreamer :,let us leave him ; — pass. 

[Sennet. Exeunt all but Brutus and Cassius. 
(A dialogue follows , in which Cassius works Brutus against Caesar.) 

Re-enter Caesar and his Tram. 
****** 

Cms. Antonius. 

Ant. Caesar. 

Cms. Let me have men about me that are fat ; 
Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o' nights : 
Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look ; 
He thinks too much ; such men are dangerous. 

Ant. Fear him not, Caesar, he's not dangerous ; 
He is a noble Roman, and well given. 

cobbler! — the carpenter! The dress of the tribunes? — of the people? 
(Similar questions about the characters in the second scene !) 

What variety in the action ? The people are doing what at the be- 
ginning of the scene ? In the middle ? At the end ? What change in 
their feelings ? (Similar questions about the second scene.) 

What variety in the sentiments ? Are there comic and tragic 
thoughts? Foolery and eloquence? The eloquence runs through 
what changes ? (What additional variety in the second scene ? What 
sentiment comes in with the soothsayer ?) 

What variety in the language? Prose and verse? Cobbler's puns 
and tribune's tropes ? Is the attention of the audience wholly occupied 
with the scenic present ? The speech of Marullus adds what variety in 
this respect ? (Is the language of the second scene different from the 
first ? What variety in it ?) 

What unity between the tribunes ? Are they a pair with comple- 
mentary qualities ? — having a common purpose ? — a common position ? 
What unity between the tribunes and the people? Are they matched? 
Point out the qualities which couple ! Are they members of one body ? 
What is the fable of Menenius Agrippa? (Coriolanus, i., 1.) How 



68 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Cces. Would he were fatter : — but I fear him not. 
Yet if my name were liable to fear, 
I do not know the man I should avoid 
So soon as that spare Cassius. He reads much : 
He is a great observer, and he looks 
Quite through the deeds of men : he loves no plays, 
As thou dost, Antony : he hears no music : 
Seldom he smiles ; and smiles in such a sort, 
As if he mocked himself, and scorned his spirit 
That could be moved to smile at any thing. 
Such men as he be never at heart's ease, 
Whiles they behold a greater than themselves ; 
And therefore are they very dangerous. 
I rather tell thee what is to be feared, 
Than what I fear ; for always I am Caesar. 
Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf, 
And tell me truly what thou s think'st of him. 

many good pictures should the stage present during the scene ? Should 
a photograph of it at any moment have unity in the grouping ? De- 
scribe the central object and the grouping — e.g., at the opening; — at 
"Mend me, thou saucy fellow!" — at "Know you not Pompey?" — at 
"Be gone!" Tell how each of the characters looks! (Similar ques- 
tions about the second scene ! Which part of the body politic is repre- 
sented in it ?) 

Is there any unity between the comic and serious parts ? In what do 
they have a common ground ? Does the classic drama admit such con- 
trasts ? Does nature ? Is it a good reason for using them that they are 
found in nature ? Does art copy every thing in nature ? To what is 
the ultimate appeal in questions about the nature of beauty ? How is 
the blending of prose and verse to be justified ? Are thought and ex- 
pression intimately united in Shakespeare ? 

What is the main idea of the play ? How does this scene contribute 
to its development? What art is shown in preparing the audience for 
coming scenes ? Are the relations of Caesar to the parties of Rome well 
brought out? Any thing which leads us to forebode a Brutus for Cae- 
sar ? What ? What do we learn from this scene of the character of 



SHAKESPEARE. 69 

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE. 

Act V. Scene I. 

(Reprint of first Folio. Bring it to good sense and meter by correcting 

punctuation, etc., and by conjectural emendation, if necessary.) 

Lorenzo. How sweet the moone-light sleepes vpon this 
banke, 
leere will we sit, and let the sounds of musicke 
Creepe in our eares soft stilnes, and the night 
Become the tutches of sweet harmonie : 
Sit Jessica, looke how the floore of heauen 
Is thicke inlayed with pattens of bright gold, 
There's not the smallest orbe which thou beholdst 
But in his motion like an Angell sings, 
Still quiring to the young eyed Cherubins ; 
Such harmonie is in immortall soules, 
But whilst this muddy vesture of decay 

the Roman populace ? Can it be generalized ? What of the character 
of the Roman demagogue ? Can it be generalized ? How came Shakes- 
peare by this knowledge of them ? What rhetorical maxims for dealing 
with the populace may be deduced from the scene ? In what propor- 
tions and in what order are scolding and cajoling to be mixed ? What 
rhetorical forms come most into play? 

How is the genius of Shakespeare shown in this scene ? What in it 
ts created according to nature ? The characters ? The grouping ? The 
language ? Is there any display of Shakespeare's personal character in 
the scene ? Can it not be safely inferred from it that he was an ad- 
mirer of Pompey? — that he was no admirer of " the vulgar?" Why 
not ? Can we form conclusions from this scene as to the language of 
Shakespeare ? Does not each character speak a language of his own ? 
Should you not expect, e. g., the proportion of Anglo-Saxon words to 
change with the characters ? — the syntactical peculiarities also ? Would 
you expect the language to change wholly, as much as if the speeches 
of one character were written by Shakespeare, and those of another by 
Walter Scott ? Why so ? Would the several speeches have peculiari- 
ties common to the age of each writer ? How if speeches written by 
Shakespeare were compared with others written by Ben Jonson ? Would 



70 METHOD OF PHILOLOaiCAL STUDY. 

Doth grosly close in it, we cannot heare it : 
Come hoe, and wake Diana with a hyrnne, 
With sweetest tutches pearce your Mistresse eare, 
And draw her home with musicke. 

Jessica. I am neuer merry when I heare sweet musique. 

Play musicke. 

Lor. The reason is, your spirits are attentiue : 
For doe but note a wilde and wanton heard 
Or race of youthful and vnhandled colts, 
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud, 
Which is the hot condition of their bloud, 
If they but heare perchance a trumpet sound, 
Or any ayre of musicke touch their eares, 

you expect to find peculiarities common to all Shakespeare's writing dif- 
ferent from those of Jonson ? Why so ? What words in the speech of 
Marullus, p. 52+, are not from the Anglo-Saxon? (Rejoice, conquest, 
tributaries, Rome, grace, captive, chariot, block ? sense, cruel, Pompey, 
battlements, chimney, infant, patient, expectation, pass, appear, univers- 
al, Tiber, trembled, replication, concave, put, attire, cull, flowers, tri- 
umph, pray, intermit, plague, ingratitude.) Why should you expect 
conquest to be from the Norman ? 43. WTrich of the other words for the 
same reason ? What is the ratio of the Romanic words to the whole 
number of words in the speech ? Is it more or less than usual ? (Bun- 
yan, Milton, App. B.) Is the reason to be found in the matter or the 
speaker ? 

What words used by Flavius in his first and two last speeches are not 
Anglo-Saxon ? (Creatures, mechanical, laboring, sign, profession, trade : 
country, fault, assemble, poor, sort, Tiber, channel, exalted, basest, met- 
al, moved, vanish, capitol, disrobe, images, ceremonies : matter, Caesar, 
trophies, vulgar, perceive, ordinary, soar, view, servile.) What is the 
ratio of these to the whole? Greater or less than Marullus uses? 
Which of these words can be classified with conquest, etc. ? What rea- 
son for mechanical being Romanic? 43. Of what nation were the me- 
chanics ? What other words here Romanic for the same reason ? What 
words of the cobbler's speech not Anglo-Saxon ? (Sir, respect, fine, trade, 
use, safe, conscience, mender, mend, meddle, matters, surgeon, danger, 



SHAKESPEARE. 71 

You shall perceiue them make a mutuall stand, 

Their sauage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze, 

By the sweet power of musicke : therefore the Poet 

Did faine that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods. 

Since naught so stockish, hard, and full of rage, 

But musicke for time doth change his nature, 

The man that hath no musicke in himselfe, 

Nor is not moued with concord of sweet sounds, 

Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoyles, 

The motions of his spirit are dull as night, 

And his affections da ke as Erobus, 

Let no such man be trusted : marke the musicke. 

recover, proper, Cagsar, rejoice, triumph.) Is the ratio greater than in 
the speeches of the tribunes ? Explain why it is as it is ! 

How many adjective clauses in the speeches of Marullus? How 
many in those of Flavius ? How many in the whole scene ? How many 
substantive clauses? Interrogative? Exclamatory? What syntactical 
differences from Milton ? (See p. 34.) Is Shakespeare more perspicu- 
ous? 470-472. More lively? 473, 474. Is this a good extract for drill 
on the pronouns ? Which part of it best ? What part do personal pro- 
nouns play in conversation as compared with essays and formal compo- 
sition ? How do they affect the liveliness of style ? 222. Unabr. Gram., 
291. (Similar questions to most of the foregoing should be put, to sum 
up the results of the study of the other extracts. Let the student be 
required to write out for himself a complete series of all the additional 
questions suggested on page 66 and onward.) 

It is not without significance that the greatest and most sovereign 
poet of the new time, in distinction from the old classic poetry — I can, 
of course, only mean Shakespeare — had the English tongue for his fos- 
ter-mother. — J". Grimm. 

What is the significance of the above fact ? Point out how his moth- 
er-tongue is the poet's foster-mother ! 

" We must be free or die who speak the tongue 
That Shakespeare spake." 
Why so? Why say Shakespeare rather than, e. g., Milton or Bunyan? 
Whence the quotation ? 

Did Shakespeare make any new words ? (Probably not.) Any new 



72 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Enter Portia and Nerrissa. 

Por. That light we see is burning in my hall : 
How farre that little candell throwes his beames, 
So shines a good deed in a naughty world. 

JVer. When the moone shone we did not see the candle ? 

Por. So doth the greater glory dim the lesse, 
A substitute shines brightly as a King 
Vntill a King be by, and then his state 
Empties it selfe, as doth an inland brooke 
Into the maine of waters : musique, harke. MusicJce. 

JVer. It is your musicke Madame of the house. 

Por. Nothing is good I see without respect, 
Methinkes it sounds much sweeter then by day ? 

etymological forms? (No.) Any new rules of syntax? (No.) Do not 
his gentlemen speak the most natural idiomatic English? Had any 
gentleman ever spoken exactly so ? How does this ideal speech differ 
from the actual ? Does it omit awkwardnesses, barbarisms, fashionable 
slang, infelicities of every kind ? — and select from every side and com- 
bine felicitous phrases adapted to the genius of the language ? — and 
make felicitous new combinations of familiar words, which sound as 
though any body might have said them ? Does the cobbler speak an 
ideal cobbler's speech ? How formed from the actual ; by what omis- 
sions ; by what additions ? How great is the variety of phraseologies 
required for the characters of Shakespeare ? Can you mention any kind 
of person that does not talk in his pages ? Any art or science, or field 
of experience or thought the language of which is not used ? Would 
you not expect, then, to find in Shakespeare all the words in the lan- 
guage ? How many words are there in Shakespeare ? (About fifteen 
thousand ; one third or one fourth of those current in his time.) Is this 
economy of words characteristic of the greatest masters of language? 
How many words in Milton's poetry ? (About eight thousand.) How 
do Shakespeare and Milton show their mastery of language ? Is the 
creative power in all departments of art shown in a similar way ? State 
how — e. g., in painting ; in oratory ; in musical composition? 

Is Shakespeare's power of creating musical combinations of sound as 
wonderful as his other powers? Does he use rhyme in any of his 



SHAKESPEARE. 73 

Ner. Silence bestowes that vertue on it Madam. 

Por. Th6 Crow doth sing as sweetly as the Larke 
When neither is attended : and I thinke 
The Nightingale if she should sing by day 
When euery Goose is cackling, would be thought 
No better a Musitian then the Wren ? 
How many things by season, season' d are 
To their right praise, and true perfection : 
Peace, how the Moone sleepes with Endimion, 
And would not be awak'd. 

works ? In which ? Is he master of the effects to be produced by it ? 
Does he cultivate alliteration? 491. (He ridicules the abuse of it — 

e ' 9") u The prayfull Princesse pearst and prickt 

a prettie pleasing Pricket," etc Love's L. Lost, iv., 1.) 

Is it natural to forcible description ? Are descriptives beginning with 
the same sound likely to have something of the same sense ? Why so ? 
Does this give them power to double the impressiveness of an image ? 
Are they naturally associated for any other reason ? What ? What 
alliteration on page 69? — on page 70? — 71? What other repetition 
of similar sounds was fashionable in Shakespeare's time ? (Euphuism : 
the bringing into correlation words of similar sound but different sense. 
See Sir Piercie Shafton, Scott's Monastery.) Does Shakespeare use it? 
(Sometimes, though he ridicules it — e. g. y 
** Some say a sore, but not a sore, 

till now made sore with shooting," etc.— Love's L. Lost, iv., 1.) 
What example of it on page 73 ? Do the extracts above show that 
.Shakespeare loved music? — and thought it bad not to love it? Any 
more than they show that he admired Pompey? (See page 69.) Why 
so ? Does he much use any of the minor artifices of versifiers ? Is 
onomatopoeia abundant in his pages? 305. Do his thoughts seem to 
come to him in such form that their most natural expression is most 
truly musical? What part of the current happy harmonious phrases of 
our language are from Shakespeare? Which has the greater variety 
and ease in the harmony of his verse, Shakespeare or Milton ? Which 
is the more wonderful, the human voice or an organ ? Shakespeare or 
Milton ? Write an essay on the language of Shakespeare covering the 
ground of the foregoing questions ! 

D 



S P E N S E B. 



THE FAERY QUEEN. 
Ixtroductoky. — Write a life of Spenser : an essay on 
the Elizabethan Age ; the manners of the court and of the 
people ; the condition of learning, literature, and religion ; 
the nature and sources of the greatness of the age : an es- 
say on the Faery Queen ; its character, its relation to the 
age, its history. — (See Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English 
Literature, Drake's Life and Times of Shakespeare, Mot- 
ley's Rise of the Dutch Republic, Warton on Spenser, 
Hart's Essay on Spenser and the Fairy Queen.) 

At -which university did Spenser study ? "What were then the stud- 
ies of the universities ? Their usages ? How long was he there ? What 
did he do after graduating ? What did he publish first ? When ? How 
came he to live in Ireland ? Was his residence favorable to study and 
poetic composition ? What were his favorite books ? Did he write 
much ? What did he publish ? What is known of his person and man- 
ners ? His friends ? What mutual friends had he and Shakespeare ? 
Did he write most for the people, or scholars, or the court ? Which of 
his writings have a puritanic cast ? Are any of them in the meters of 
the ancients ? 

When was the Faery Queen composed ? WTiat kind of a work is it ? 
Give its plan as set forth by Spenser ! Why is it called the Faery Queen ? 
Is it complete? How much is there of it? Enough for most readers? 
What is an allegory? 432. Difference between allegory and fable? 
440. — and metaphor? 458. — personification? 463. — parable? 460. — a 
myth ? What is the Faery Queen in external form ? Were romances 
of chivalry part of the favorite reading of the time ? Mention any ! 
Who were the most fashionable poets? Did Ariosto and Tasso write 



SPENSER. ' 75 

A gentle knight was pricking on the plain, 

romances of chivalry ? Were the artificial manners and gallantries of 
chivalry still current in the court of Elizabeth ? Were jousts and tour- 
naments still the fashion? What is the Faery Queen in its internal 
sense? A book of religious training? Was Spenser accustomed to 
see the virtues and vices visibly decorated with their proper attributes, 
and speaking and acting representatively ? What was a pageant ? A 
masque ? A dumb show ? Was allegory used in these public specta- 
cles? (Read Scott's Kenilworth and Motley's Rise of the Dutch Re- 
public.) Do descriptions in the Faery Queen bear marks of being sug- 
gested by these allegorical figures? F. Q., 3, 12, 5 + . Was the style of 
dress at court such as to make the varied and splendid costumes in the 
Faery Queen natural? Was the blending of chivalry and religious 
earnestness common in the times of Elizabeth ? What other element 
of fashionable success had Spenser's book? Did the characters repre- 
sent prominent persons? For example? What is the effect now of the 
double allegory ? Is there any great work of chivalry, written as an al- 
legory, which is more obscure than this ? (See Tasso : Jerusalem De- 
livered.) 

What other source of obscurity in the poem ? Did Spenser use the 
current language of his time ? What does Ben Jonson mean when he 
says that " Spenser, in affecting the ancients, writ no language ?" Have 
other learned poets been fond of the archaic in thought and language ? 
Virgil ? Milton ? Gray ? What reason for it ? How was the Faery 
Queen received ? Is it as much read as the Pilgrim's Progress ? Why 
not ? What are its defects ? Its merits ? What qualities make Spen- 
ser Milton's favorite English poet? " Our sage, serious Spenser, whom 
I dare be known to think a better teacher than Scotus or Aquinas." — 
Milton, Liberty of unlicensed Printing, 

(Write an analysis : see model in Appendix A. Study derivation, 
310-349, in addition to the subjects before referred to.) 

What is the first clause? What kind of clause? 404. What is its 
verb? 245. Its subject? 352. What objective combination? 407. What 
attributive combinations with knight ? 405. What combination is in the 
sign of? And connects what ? Are two propositions abridged in this ? 
If so, give them ! What was the oldest form of a? 216. When is a 
used for an ? 216. Difference in meaning between an and one? 215. 
What is the meaning of gentle here ? Connection of thought between 



76 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Yclad in mighty arms and silver shield, 
Wherein old dints of deep wounds did remain, 

the two meanings of it? Between gentle and genteel '? — and gentile? What 
root letters common to gentle and generous ? — and generate ? 319, 4. Con- 
nection of thought between these and kin, kind from the corresponding 
Anglo-Saxon root ? Force of -t- in gen-t-le ? 321. Force of -le (=-*7e) ? 
324. Other words from the same Anglo-Saxon root ? Knight and knave 
originally meant what? (See before, page 48.) Connection between 
knight —young man and knight here ? What kind of verb is was prick- 
ing? 279. Analyze it; parse pricking alone! Force of -ing ? 266. 
Connection of thought between the common meaning and this ? Is the 
use here by special figure, or was it current ? (Current in Chaucer.) 
Does its use here make a poetical form? 491. Is pricking on the plain 
an equivalent for spurring over the plain ? Difference between on and 
over ? — and in ? Meaning of that : the : : one : an ? The plain is what 
plain ? Is it characteristic of Spenser that his scenes are in no definite 
place or time ? Connection of thought between plain and plane ? — and 
plan? — and piano ? Meaning of y- in yclad? Unabr. Gram., 339. Is 
it ever used now ? Meaning of mighty ? Connection of might and may ? 
Force of-?/ in mighty? 313. Connection of thought between arm and 
arms ? — arms and armor ? Is the shield part of the arms ? Connection 
of thought between shield and shelter? What poetic form in silver 
shield? 491. Who is the knight ? (St. George.) What virtue does he 
represent? (Holiness.) What are the mighty arms? Ephesians, vi., 
11+. What is the shield ? Ephesians, vi., 16. On what adventure is 
St. George "pricking?" (To slay a dragon which laid waste the king- 
dom of the Lady Una's father.) What is represented thereby ? (The 
Lady Una typifies the Church of England.) What legendary proprie- 
ty in representing holiness by St. George ? In sending him to slay a 
dragon ? Which of Spenser's friends is depicted in this knight ? (Sir 
Philip Sydney.) Sydney's character and life ? 

Next clause? Kind — subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substan- 
tive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun or nouns does it de- 
scribe ? Connective ? 396, IV. Composition of wherein ? Grammat- 
ical equivalent for it ? 396, VIII. Verb? Subject? 352. Attributive 
combinations with dints ? 406. Rule for syntax of marks? 362. What 
kind of combination is marks -\r of field? 406. Pronominal element in 
wherein? 308. Other words from same? Its natural significance ? 241. 



SPENSER. 77 

The cruel marks of many a bloody field ; 
Yet arms till that time did he never wield : 

Connection of thought between old and aldermen ? Between dint and 
din ? Is the root onomatopoetic ? 305. What kind of blow does it im- 
itate the sound of? How does it differ from ding? 305, III. Mean- 
ing of wounds here ? What rhetorical figure ? 458. Analyze did re- 
main ; parse did alone ; remain alone ! Give grammatical equivalents 
for both to show that remain is an infinitive ! What kind of form is it 
called? 280. Is it really emphatic here? Is this unemphatic form 
used now ? Had it become antiquated in Spenser's time ? Why do 
young poets use it now? Is did a contraction for doed? 273. (No: 
di- is a reduplication.) Connection of thought between remain and 
mansion? Force of re- ? 326. Pronominal element of the ? 308. Nat- 
ural significance of it? 228. Connection of thought between cruel and 
crude? Crude and Latin cruor (—gore, blood)? Force of -el in cruel? 
Difference between cruel and bloody ? Why are the marks called cruel? 
What rhetorical figure? 458. In what number is many? Was it used 
in this sense in the singular in Anglo-Saxon ? (See before, page 54+.) 
With or without the article ? What other languages have a similar 
idiom ? When did the article begin to be inserted ? What was Home 
Tooke's opinion about the a? (See also Trench — English, Past and 
Present, p. 147.) Is it correct? How can we tell that the article in 
semi- Saxon is not a corruption of of? Could the oblique cases annes, 
aenne, etc., be so ? How does many afield differ in meaning from many 
fields ? Is it a neat way of distributing many ? Why should poets like 
the sound ? What is meant by field here ? What rhetorical figure is 
it? 459. Connection of thought between blood and blossom, bloom, 
blow — is blood so named from its color, or as being that which causes 
blooming? Force of-?/ in bloody? 313. What is the allegorical sense 
of dints ? 432. — of bloody field ? Mention some of the fields referred to ! 
Next clause ? Kind ? 409, 410. With what is it co-ordinate ? Con- 
nective? Verb? Subject? 352. Direct object ? 360. What combi- 
nation is till the sign of? 407. Does arms mean offensive or defensive, 
or both? Meaning of -s in arms? Pronominal element in that? 308. 
Other words of same element ; personal pronouns ; relative ; adverbs 
of time, place, manner; conjunction? Meaning of -t in that? 229. 
Other words in which it occurs ? Is did wield a true emphatic form ? 
280. Analyze it ; parse did alone ; wield alone ! Pronominal element 



78 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

His angry steed did chide his foaming bit, 
As much disdaining to the curb to yield : 

in he ? 308. Other words of same ? Meaning ? (Weak demonstrative.) 
Connection between never and ever? Rule for collocation of he? 356, 
494. — of arms? 361, 494. Meaning of wield? Is it proper to speak of 
wielding a horse? What is the allegorical meaning of this clause? 
What propriety in it ? 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? 352. Direct object ? 
360. Attributive combinations with steed? 406. — bit? As — yield is 
abridged for what clause ? What part of speech is as? Is it often fol- 
lowed by an abridged sentence ? Often a sign of apposition ? Is this 
one of the cases in which some grammarians call it a pronoun ? What 
syntax for it as such ? What kind of combination is much -f disdaining? 
407. — steed '-f disdaining? To is a sign of what combination with curb ? 
Any peculiarity of collocation in this clause ? Pronominal element in 
his ? 308. Meaning of it ? Other words from it ? Force of -s in his ? 
Force of -y in angry ? 313. Connection of thought between anger and 
anguish ? Analyze did chide ; parse did alone ; chide alone ! Is it a 
true emphatic form ? Had this form become archaic in the time of 
Spenser? (Yes, in conversation and prose.) Is Spenser fond of it? — 
and of other archaisms ? Are poets apt to be ? Why ? Meaning of 
chide ; does it imply noise ? Its past tense in the Bible ? Genesis, xxxi., 
"36; Numb., xx., 3. Meaning of foaming here? Is it literally applied? 
Force of -ing ? 266. Connection between bit and bite ? Other mean- 
ings of bit ? The connection of thought between them ? Force of -ing 
in disdaining? Connection of thought between disdain and deign? — 
and dignity? Force of dis-? 326, 327, VIII. How different from in- 
in indignant, indignity ? Pronominal letters in the ? Their natural sig- 
nificance ? 308. Is this use of the mentioned in 370 ? Connection of 
thought between curb and curve ? Would you expect curb to come from 
the Norman French ? Why? 43. /Steed also? Why not? Difference 
between steed and horse ? Is steed in the Bible ? Is it any thing more 
than a sensation synonym for horse ? Which would you expect Shakes- 
peare to use more, steed or horse? {Horse, five times as often.) Milton ? 
(Steed.) Why? Which is more expressive in sound? Is steed in An- 
glo-Saxon a poetic word ? (No, its use is in connection with the raising 
of horses.) Connection of thought between to and too? — yield and 
guilt ? (Anglo-Saxon gyldan, to pay.) 



SPENSER. 79 

Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit, 
As one for knightly jousts and fierce encounters 
fit. 

Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? What kind of com- 
bination is he -{-knight? 405.— full '-{-jolly ? — jolly -{- knight? Rule for col- 
location ? 356. Is the peculiarity here mentioned in 494 ? Grammat- 
ical equivalent for full? 412. Is it obsolete in this use? What phrases 
with it survive ? Is it in the Bible ? Shakespeare ? (Yes.) Milton ? 
(Of course.) Connection of thought between yW/ and Jill? Common 
meaning of jolly? Connection of thought between jolly and yule? 
Force of -ly? 313. Connection between the common meaning and the 
meaning here? From what language is the meaning here taken? 
What trait of French character is suggested by the change in meaning 
from English jolly to French joiie, pretty, genteel? Has the meaning 
here ever been current in English ? (Jolly and full jolly are common in 
Chaucer as descriptive of seemly vigorous young life, but perhaps are 
never applied to any one who is "too solemn sad." Milton imitates 
Spenser.) Connection of thought between knight and knave ? Prima- 
ry meaning of each ? Pronominal element of he ? Its force ? Force 
of -ed in seemed ? What verb is it equivalent to ? Is it thought to be 
historically derived from the ancient form of did ? (Yes.) 

Next clause? Kind? 409, 410. Verb? Subject? What kind of 
combination is fail' -{-did sitf 407. How was the adverb formed from 
an adjective in Anglo-Saxon ? 293. How do we come to have so many 
adverbs of the same form as adjectives ? 293. How is the poetic use of 
adjectives for adverbs explained ? 293. Would you expect it to be com- 
mon in Spenser? Why? Is this meaning of fair given in Worcester? 
Connection of thought between fair when used with complexion and when 
used with dealing ? — and when used with sit ? What part of speech is 
as ? What complete proposition can be filled out after it ? Is it often 
used as a sign of apposition ? Difference in its meaning when used in 
apposition and in comparison? What kind of combination is he-{-as 
one ? 406. Of what combination is for the sign ? Give grammatical 
equivalents for the line, so that and may connect two propositions ! 
Connection of an and one? 216. Force of -ly in knightly? 313 v Con- 
nection of thought between joust and jostle ? 313, 1. — and adjust ? Force 
of ad-? 326. Connection offeree and ferocious ? What rhetorical fig- 



80 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

II. 

And on his breast a bloody cross he bore, 
The dear remembrance of his dying Lord, 

tire m fierce encounters? Connection of encounter and counteract? — and 
contradict? 327. Force of en-? 327. Connection of fit and refit? — 
and counter-feit ? What peculiarity of collocation in the line ? 

Can an allegorical sense be seen in all the details of this description ; 
— the steed ; the chiding ; the bit ? Why depict Holiness as a jolly 
knight, etc. ? 

Next clause? Kind ? 404. Verb? Subject? Direct object ? 360, 
What combination is on the sign of? Remembrance combines with what ? 
Kind of combination ? 406. Attributive combinations with remembrance ? 
406. Translate the first line into literal prose, using no word beginning 
with b ! Pronominal letter in his ? Other words of same letter ? Force 
of it? Force of -s? When is a used for an? 216. Relation of an to 
one ? 217. Meaning of -y in bloody? 313. Connection of thought be- 
tween blood and bloom? Between cross and crusade ?— and excruciating? 
— and curse ? Is bloody a better word here than ruddy, or ruby, or scar- 
let, or blood-red? Why ? Would it not be well to interchange bore and 
wore? Why not? Pronominal element in the? Other words of same 
element? 308. Connection between dear and darling? 313, 343. Why 
should a diminutive form be used to express endearment ? What let- 
ters common to remembrance and memory? Is the -b- euphonic or em- 
phatic ? Give other examples of b inserted after an accented m followed 
by I or r ! (See before, page 58.) Meaning of re- ? 326. —of -ance ? 324. 
Is remembrance here used in its common sense ? Would not memento, or 
memorial, or souvenir be better ? Why not ? Other examples of the use 
of remembrance in this sense? Isaiah, lvii., 8 ; Hamlet, iii. 1. TTorce of 
-ing in dying ? 266. What part of speech is dying here ? How do you 
tell whether an adjective or participle ? Would his Lords death be an 
exact equivalent for his dying Lord? What difference ? 

Next clause? Kind? 411. What noun does it describe? Verb? 
Subject? Direct object? What combination is for the sign of ? At- 
tributive combinations with sake ? 406. Pronominal letters in whose ? 
308. Other words of same element ? Is who a relative in Anglo-Sax- 
on ? 237. Explain how an interrogative turns into a relative ! Give 
illustrative sentences ! Meaning of-se in whose ? Other words in which 



SPENSER. 81 

For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he 

wore, 
And dead as living ever him adored : 
Upon his shield the like was also scored, 

the genitive termination is spelt -se? To which of the senses does sweet 
primarily refer? Connection of thought between sweet and -suade in 
persuade ? — and suavity ? Meaning of sake ? Is it ever used now ex- 
cept with for? Connection between its meaning here and its old mean- 
ing — i. e. , cause in court, suit at law ? — between sake and seek ? Pro- 
nominal element of that ? It is equivalent to what gesture ? 228. What 
does -ous in glorious mean ? 324. Painters mean what by a glory ? Con- 
nection of thought between glare and glory? Why glorious badge? 
Connection of thought between badge and jiatch ? (Wedgwood's Etym. 
Diet.) Is the badge here a patch ? Connection of thought between 
beacon and badge (< old- English bag, bagge — Prompt. Parv.; bagy — 
Berners < Anglo- Saxon beacn, a token, sign, especially the cross — e. g., 
in hoc signo vinces=zm'i& thys beacne ofersvidhest — Elene, 92. The cross 
of the Crusaders was by eminence the badge, Candida signa crucis juve- 
num proEstantia pingunt pectora — Polit. Songs, Temp. Hen. III., p. 24. 
Dutch baake; Ger. baake ; Swedish bak ; M. Latin bagia, a token, beacon)? 
Connection with beckon ? — with beck ? Is* wore a weak or strong verb ? 
Why so called? 276. Connection between the meaning here and in 
Job, xiv., 19. 

Next clause? Predicative combination? 405. Direct object? 360. 
As is a sign of what combination ? What kind of combination is adored 
+as living? 407. Why is living called a factitive object? 360. Sup- 
ply an ellipsis so as to make a predicative combination after as! What 
does ever combine with ? Should it have a point before or after it ? 
543. Connection between dead and die ? Force of -ing in living ? 266. 
Which case is -m in him the sign of? 229. Are the objectives of other 
pronouns old datives ? Why should the datives thus survive rather than 
the accusatives ? Which oblique case occurs oftenest ? Why ? Force 
of -d in adored? What root letters are common to adore and oratory? 
Connection of thought between the common meaning of oratory and the 
place called an oratory by the Roman Catholics ? Meaning of ad- in 
adore? 326. 

Next clause? Kind ? 404. Verb? Subject? Upon is the sign of 
D 2 



82 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

For sovereign hope, which in his help he had : 
Eight faithful true he was in deed and word ; 

what combination? Rule for the use of the here? 370, V. Of what 
combination is for the sign ? Composition of upon ? Are both parts 
significant here ? Do the English now use upon less than Americans ? 
— than old English? Connection of thought between shield and shelter? 
Meaning of that : the : : one : an? What termination is equivalent to 
like? 313. Give examples of its use! Composition of also? 303. Can 
you parse the parts as separate words here ? So means how? Analyze 
was scored; parse was alone ; scored alone ! Connection of thought be- 
tween score and sheer, shorn? — between score here and score (=20), and 
on that score? Grammatical equivalent to explain the meaning of for? 
Why is the word which Spenser spells soveraine, Milton sovran «Fr. 
souveraine ; It. sovrano <M. Lat. superan-ns), spelt sovereign? Is it im- 
agined to have some connection with the verb reign ? What similar ex- 
amples of illusive etymology? 342. Is it right to follow such a blun- 
der ? On what principle ? Meaning of sovereign hope ? 

Next clause ? Kind ? 409, 411. What noun does it describe ? Verb ? 
Subject? Direct object? What combination is in the sign of? Does 
it complete or extend the predicate ? 408. Pronominal letters in which ? 
308. Force of -ch? (A fragment of Anglo-Saxon -Zic> Engl, -like.) 
Whose help? Is the rule in 373, XL, observed in this clause? Is had 
weak or strong? 247, 276. It is contracted for what? 273. Meaning 
of -d? Is it supposed to grow out of the old form of did? (Yes.) 

Next clause ? Kind ? 404. Predicative combination ? 405. What 
is ivas called ? 353. Faithful combines with what ? (Compare solemn 
sad.) Right combines with what ? Kind of combination ? 407. Give 
other instances of this use of right ! Ps. xlvi., 5 ; cxxxix., 14 ; J. Caesar, 
i., 3, etc. What titles contain it ? Connection of thought between this 
meaning and the common one? Composition of faithful? 313. Con- 
nection of thought between faith «old French feid <Lat. v /«/-es) and 
fidelity? Between true and trust? What obsolete word in Luke, xvii., 
9, of the same root as true ? Connection of thought between them ? - 
Pronominal element in he? 308. Adverbs of same element? Connec- 
tion of thought between he and hence ? Significancy of the element ? 
(A weak demonstrative.) How does the plural (they, etc.) illustrate the 
sense of the singular — what is it the plural of in Anglo-Saxon? 229. 
What verb akin to deed? What does and connect? Supply the ellip- 



SPENSER. 83 

But of his cheer did seem too solemn sad : 

sis so as to give a predicative combination after and ? Connection of 
thought between the meaning of word here and that in John, i., 1? 

Next clause? Kind? 409, 410. Connective? Predicative combi- 
nation? Is he -f- did seem sad a simple predicative combination? 408. 
What represents the copula? 353. What kind of combination is sol- 
emn-^ sad? Of is the sign of what combination? Meaning of cheer? 
(French chere down to the 16th century meant head, (2) face, (3) mien; 
WyclhTe, 2 Corinthians, iii., 7, reads the glorie of his chere ; Mids. N. ? s 
Dream, iii., 2, pale of cheere.) Connection of thought between these 
meanings and that in Paradise Lost, vi., 496 ? — and victuals, entertain- 
ment? — and in " three cheers?'' In what phrase is it used in the Bi- 
ble ? Matt., ix., 2, etc. Analyze did seem ; parse did alone ; seem alone ! 
Connection of thought between too and to ? Between solemnity and an- 
niversary? What are the root letters common to both? (Emn=ann< 
Latin ann-us, year.) Force of sol-? (AH, every.) Its connection of 
thought with sole, solitary? Relation of solemn (< Latin sol-ennis) and 
biennial (< Latin bi-ennis) ? Connection of thought between Anglo-Sax- 
on saed (=satiated) and semi-Saxon, English sad (tired out, sorrowful)? 
In Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, sad sometimes means merely seri- 
ous, grave ; is that its sense here ? In the earliest English, and down 
to Spenser, sad occasionally means heavy : 

— "his hand, more sad than lump of lead, 
Uplifting high." — Spenser, 

Is it the same word as the other sad? Meaning of sad colors? The 
connection of all these meanings? Has the divergence perhaps been 
promoted by resemblance to set, settled ? Connection between sad, and 
satisfy, and sate? Is not solemn sad pleonastic? 473. (Shakespeare 
has heavy sad, sad and solemn.') 

Next clause ? Kind ? 409. Predicative combination ? 405. Object- 
ive combination? 407. Rule for collocation of nothing? 494. Analyze 
did dread! Composition of nothing? Is did from doed? 273. (See be- 
fore, page 77.) 

Next clause? Kind? 409. Verb? Subject? Objective combina- 
tion ? 407. Parse ydrad ! What form like it has occurred before ? 
Was it an archaism in the time of Spenser? (Yes.) Does it occur in 
Shakespeare? [It is ridiculed twice in Love's Labor Lost, i., 1 ; v., 2 ; 
occurs only once elsewhere (yclad), 2 K. Hen. VI., i., 1, if that is Shakes- 



84 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY; 

Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad. 

What is this stanza called ? 523. How many lines in it ? What kind of foot is pre- 
dominant ? 4S3. How many feet in the first line? How many lines like it? What 
name is given to such lines besides iambic pentameter ? 500. Why called hwoic t 
How many feet in the ninth line ? What other name for the iambic hexameter ? 501. 
Why called an Alexandrine ? 534. Which line rhymes with the first ? With the sec- 
ond ? With the sixth ? Are there any other rhymes ? Is any line unrhymed ? 

Scan the first line on page T5 ! Where is the caesura ? 483. Is any required by the 
sense? Is there any other foot than the iambus? Any approach to a spondee? — to 
a pyrrhic? In which foot? What alliteration? 491. 

Scan the second line ! All the feet pure iambics ? Caesura where ? — required by 
the sense ? What is the general principle about the expression given by an early cae- 
sura ? (See before, page 20.) If the caesuras of the two first lines were to change 
places, would not the expression su.it the sense better? How so? What alliteration 
in this line ? Is there vowel alliteration ? Is the repetition of m in mighty and arms 
alliteration? 491. 

Scan the third line ! Is wherein a pure iambus ? What is it ? Is old dints a pure 
iambus ? Which syllable has more than the normal stress ? What do you call the 
foot ? 483. (See before, page 17.) Is of deep a pure iambus ? Wounds did a trochee ? 
483. Was not did accented in such phrases in Spenser's time? How can you tell? 
Is the caesura after dints or wounds t Why ; is there any syntactical reason ? Any 
metrical reasons connected with a trochaic place ? What alliteration with wherein ? — 
with old?— with dints f— with m in remain? What does remain rhyme with? Is 
the rhyme perfect? 484. What things are essential to a perfect rhyme? 

Scan the fourth line ! All pure iambics ? What is the fourth foot ? 483. Caesura 
where ? What alliteration ? Is the rhyme perfect ? The first four lines make what 
kind of stanza ? 530. 

Scan the fifth line ! What is the third foot ? Is did emphatic ? Caesura where ? 
What alliteration? Is the rhyme perfect? It brings this line in unity with what 
others ? 

Scan the sixth line! Caesura where? The seventh line! Caesura after disdain- 
ing ? What kind of foot is -ing to ? Any repetition of similar sounds ? Is the rhyme 
perfect? The eighth line ! Caesura where ? Feet all pure? What alliterations ? Is 

peare.] In Milton ? (Yes, in early poems.) Does Spenser invent the 
form drad for the rhyme? (Perhaps; but it. is in Layamon.) Is it a 
weak or strong form? 247. Have many verbs once strong become weak ? 
276. Do weak verbs ever become strong ? Give an instance ! Why 
should Holiness be represented as bearing the cross on breast and shield ? 
What custom is referred to ? "Why as too solemn sad? Too solemn for 
what ? What special fitness in the last line ? Why depict Holiness as 
dreading nothing ? — being ever dreaded ? [Continue similar questions 
through the extracts. Let the student write out questions covering all 
the subjects heretofore discussed.] 



SPENSER. 85 

(Reprint from Prof. Child's Edition,') 
III. 
Upon a great adventure he was bond, 
That greatest Gloriana to him gave, 
That greatest glorious queene of Faery lond, 
To winne him worshippe, and her grace to have, 
Which of all earthly thinges he most did crave: 
And ever, as he rode, his hart did earne 
To prove his puissance in battell brave 
Upon his foe, and his new force to learne ; 
Upon his foe, a Dragon horrible and stearne. 

the rhyme perfect ? The second four lines would make a stanza of what kind ? 530. 
Why called elegiac ? How are the two elegiacs united ? 

Scan the ninth line ? How many feet in it ? Caesura where ? What alliteration ? 
What coupling with the eighth line besides the rhyme ?— through fair, fierce, Jit? — 
jolly knight and knightly jousts t [Go on with similar questions through the other 
stanzas.] 

Synoptical. — Does this stanza admit every kind of musical delight be- 
longing to blank verse? (See before, p. 17.) Is the rhyme a source of 
additional delight? 484, 493. Did the ancients ever use it? "Who used 
it first ? When ? Is there any other stanza having as much variety in 
unity as this ? What variety in the order of the rhymes ? — in the fre- 
quency of their repetition ? — in the length of the lines ? What effect 
have the rhymes in bringing the whole to unity ? What the Alexan- 
drine ? The stanza is called by Warton the ottava rima with a line add- 
ed ; have they any considerable resemblance in the order of rhymes or 
general expression ? 532. What are the component parts of Spenser's 
stanza? 530, 501. Has it a true beginning, middle, and end? How 
many words must rhyme with the second line? — with the sixth ? Is it 
easy to find so many rhyming words ? What artifices does Spenser use 
to supply them? The introduction of unusual forms of verbs, etc.? — 
of obsolete words ? — of foreign words ? — of new words ? Do the itera- 
tion of rhymes and fullness of stanza react on the thought ? What kind 
of description do they promote ? What faults ? 

(" Those that write in rhyme still make 

The one verse for the other's sake."— Butler.) 



86 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. • 

IV. 

A lovely Ladie rode him faire beside, 
Upon a lowly asse more white then snow ; 
Yet she much whiter, but the same did hide 
Under a vele, that wimpled was full low ; 
And over all a blacke stole shee did throw : 
As one that inly mournd, so was she sad, 
And heavie sate upon her palfrey slow ; 
Seemed in heart some hidden care she had ; 
And by her in a line a milke-white lamb she lad. 

What beauties? Is this stanza capable of epic prolongation and sus- 
tainment ? "Why not ? In whose hands has it made the nearest ap- 
proach to it ? Has it been generally admired and often used ? What 
did Lord Byron write in it ? Is it specially suited to the Faery Queen 
and to Spenser ? Explain how ! Does Spenser rely as much as Milton 
for musical delight on variety of feet and of csesuras ? How many feet 
not pure iambics in the first stanza ? — in the first nine lines of Paradise 
Lost ? How many of the caesuras in the same passage in Spenser are 
any thing more than a musical cadence ? How many in Paradise Lost 
are vigorous syntactical pauses ? Is there a similar uniformity in the 
ending of the lines in Spenser? A similar variety in Milton? Has 
Byron given the stanza more vigor in these respects ? What poetical 
ornament does Spenser make most use of? 491. Whence is the power 
of alliteration to double the impressiveness of an image ? Is it con- 
nected with the fact that each letter has its natural significance ? Is 
that a reason why descriptives beginning with the same letter are so 
readily associated ? Why so ? What other reason ? Which is oldest 
in the Northern languages, meter marked by alliteration, or by simple 
accent, or by quantity ? 479, 491. Which way of marking meter springs 
most naturally from spoken language ? Prom music ? Why so ? What 
other poetical ornament in the two last lines of the third stanza ? (See 
before, pages 15, 32.) Is it used elsewhere in the same stanza ? Is there 
any euphuism in this extract ? (See before, page 73.) Does Spenser 
often use it? What epithets most fitly describe the music of Spenser's 
verse ? — of Milton's ? — of Shakespeare's ? 

Syntax. — Is there any line in the two stanzas just analyzed, at the end 
of which the sense is not complete ? The first line is a clause of what 



SPENSEK. 87 

V. 

So pure and innocent, as that same lambe, 

She was in life and every vertuous lore ; 

And by descent from royall lynage came 

Of ancient kinges and queenes, that had of yore 

Their scepters stretcht from east to westerne shore, 

And all the world in their subiection held ; 

Till that infernall feend with foule uprore 

Forwasted all their land, and them expeld ; 

Whom to avenge, she had this Knight from far compeld. 

kind ? The second an attribute of what word ? The third an attribute 
of what word ? The fourth an attribute of what ? Could syntax be 
more perspicuous ? Any involution, transposition, condensation — any 
thing to obscure the flow of a most lucid, fluent, thoroughly trained 
mind ? How does it compare with the opening of Paradise Lost ? — of 
the Pilgrim's Progress ? Is the rest similar in the ordering of clauses ? 
Diction. — Are the descriptive adjectives notably many or few ? How 
many compared with Bunyan? (See before, page 14.) With Milton? 
(See before, page 34.) Is there any thing remarkable in the use of 
other parts of speech ? How many words in the extract are not Anglo- 
Saxon? (Gentle, plain, arms, remain, cruel, disdaining, curb, jolly, 
joust, fierce, encounters, fit, cross, remembrance, glorious, adored, sov- 
ereign, faithful, cheer, solemn.) Is any reason given in 43 for the adop- 
tion of gentle in English ? Give reasons for each Norman word ! Is the 
average greater or less than usual ? , (See Appendix B.) Why should 
Spenser use less Anglo-Saxon than Shakespeare ? Is there any reason 
growing out of the place where he lived ? — the time when he wrote ? — 
the rank of his family? — his education, profession, habits of study? — 
his associates? — his favorite authors? — (his prime favorite was "Dan 
Chaucer, well of English undefiled," F. Q., 4, 2, 32.) — the class for 
whom he wrote ? — his themes ? — his character ? (See before, page 35 + .) 
Why should he use more Anglo-Saxon than Milton ? Has Spenser had 
any considerable influence on the English language ? Have his peculiar 
forms come into common use ? Has he been much studied by later po- 
ets, and imitated? To what extent by Milton? Thomson? Byron? 
Wordsworth ? Keats ? Lowell ? Write an essay on the language and 
versification of Spenser covering the ground of the foregoing questions ! 



CHAUCER, 



THE CANTERBURY TALES, 
THE PROLOGUE. 

Introductory. — Write an account of the life and works 
of Chaucer ; especially of the Canterbury Tales, his prep- 
aration for the work, the circumstances in which it was 
written, its character, influence, and fame. — (See "Wright's 
Canterbury Tales, Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, Marsh's English 
Language and its early Literature, Child's Observations 
on the language of Chaucer.) 

With what princes was Chaucer contemporary ? "With what great 
events ? Did he take part in any campaign ? Was he employed in 
state affairs ? What was then the condition of the system of chivalry ? 
Are any of the exploits of English heroes described in his works ? Why 
not ? What authors were his contemporaries in England ? — in Erance ? 
— Italy ? Were any of them his acquaintances and friends ? Did he 
visit foreign countries ? What ? When ? Was there any thing like 
Protestantism in his time ? Did he sympathize with the Eeformers ? 
What is known of his childhood and youth ? Did he study at either 
University ? How did he begin his literary career ? Erom what lan- 
guage were his early writings translations ? Is translating good train- 
ing for original composition ? How so ? Was it more valuable in Chau- 
cer's time than it is now ? Why ? To what extent were French and 
Latin used then in England ? 42. Did he write much ? At what age 
did he write the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales ? What is the plan 
of the work ? . Is it carried out ? Were all the Tales as now printed 
written after the prologue? Is Chaucer's fame greatest for the same 
merits as Shakespeare's — character painting ? — other dramatic power ? 
— love of nature ? — humor ? — pathos ? — ease and geniality ? — creative 



CHAUCER. 89 

power in language ? Arc all of these shown in the Prologue ? Which 
most ? Is the general plan new ? Is either of the Tales new ? In what 
is the originality of Chaucer shown ? 

When was printing first used in England ? How were hooks pub- 
lished in Chaucer's time ? How copied ? Was it usual for one to read 
aloud, and many others to listen and write down from the ear ? Were 
manuscripts made in this way alike in spelling, punctuation, grammat- 
ical forms ? Is a manuscript often found uniform in these respects ? — 
or free from plain blunders ? Why not ? Was there any standard of 
English ? Were the scriveners usually learned ? Does Chaucer com- 
plain of them ? (He says " unto his own scrivener :" 

" Adam Scrivener, if ever it thee befalle, 

Boece or Troilus for to write newe, 

Under thy long locks thou maist have the scalle, 

But after my making thou write more trewe ! 

So oft aday I mot thy werke renewe, 

It to correct, and eke to rubbe and scrape ; 

And all is thorow thy negligence and rape." 
Again : 

"And for there is so gret diversite 

In Englissh and in writynge of our tonge, 

So preye I God that non myswrite the, 

Ne the mysmetere for defaute of tonge.") 

Did copyists alter what they wrote to the form of language of the 
time at which they wrote? — to the dialect of their own county? Have 
we any manuscripts of Chaucer written during his life ? (The one print- 
ed by Wright, and followed in the extract here examined, is believed 
to be of that age.) Can we correct poetry better than prose ? Why ? 
Was Chaucer's poetry admired by his contemporaries for its harmony 
and regularity ? What is his rank among English poets ? 

(Write an analysis : see model in Appendix A. Study Historical El- 
ements, 1-66, Phonetic Elements, and Orthographical Eorms, 67-171, 
and Appendix C, in addition to the subjects before referred to. Special 
attention is also drawn to synonyms.) 

What is the first clause? What kind of clause? 409, 411. What 
kind of adverb?' 411, III., 2. What verb does it modify? Connect- 
ive? 396, IV. Verb? Subject? What are the phonetic elements of 
whan and when? 76, 121. The orthographic? 126, 127, 173. Were the 
letters written in the same order in Anglo-Saxon ? 296. In which or- 
der are they now pronounced? 132. *When did the present misspelling 
come into use ? Where ? Why ? Which is right, hwen or when ? Why ? 



90 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

"Whan that Aprille with his schowres swoote 

In what meter is this Prologue written? 500. Why called iambic? 483 pentame- 
ter ? — heroic ? Is it rhymed ? Which is most frequent, the single or double rhyme ? 
4S6. Had this meter been used before? Long ago by French poets ; lately by Dante, 
Petrarch, Boccaccio: of what nation are these last ? What had been the meters often- 
est used by English poets? 501, 502, 499. Did this at once take its place as heroic? 
(No; it was long called "ryding rime," "most apt to write a merie tale."— Guest, 
English Rhythms, ii., 23S.) Is the caesura marked in the manuscripts? (Yes.) Were 
the words all pronounced in Chaucer's time as they are now? Can we tell usually 
how the words he uses were accented ? How ? Can we tell how many syllables each 
ha3 ? How ? How many syllables are there in a typical line with a single rhyme ?— 
with a double ? 

Scan the first line 1 Caesura where ? How many syllables in Aprille ? Which i3 
accented ? How many in shoures f — in swoote ? Is the -es of plurals usually a sylla- 
ble in Chaucer ? (Yes.) Is swoote (= swete, 5967, etc. <Anglo-Saxon svete) regularly 
two syllables in Chaucer ? (Yes ; adjectives which end in e in Anglo-Saxon preserve 
the-e in Chaucer.) Is Aprille pronounced elsewhere as here? (Perhaps not. Averi% 
G12S ; A K pril, 4426.) Does the accent of other words from the French vary? (Yes.) 
Why ? Does whan that occur elsewhere ? (Often ; frequently one foot as here ; many 
times whan is the last syllable of an iambus, IS.) What other reading of this line ? 
(Wlianne thai Aperyll wit Ms shoures swoote. 

MS. Marl., 7333. 
Whan that April, wit his shoures swote. 

MS. Marl, 1758.) 

Scan the former ! The latter ! Which is the most harmonious of the three ? What 
objection to it— is whanne ever found dissyllabic ? (Yes, 1171S, 14695 ; but rarely.) 
Is whanne that elsewhere? (Possibly, 713.) What objection to the last reading? Are 
all the feet in our text pure iambics ? How does the first vary ? The third ? 

168-170. Which letters are the pronominal element? 308. Other En- 
glish words of same element — pronouns, adverbs? 237-241,291-296. 
Its natural significance ? 241. Unabr. Gram., 167, IX. Give Grimm's 
law for change of English to Latin and Greek! App. C. Is q in Latin 
quum the right letter for h in Anglo-Saxon hvaenne ? Of which case is 
-n the termination in Anglo-Saxon? 236. (Accusative.) Is Latin -m 
an accusative termination ? Explain who : when : : Anglo-Saxon hva : 
hvaenne : : Lat. qui : quum ! Give a grammatical equivalent for when 
to show its relation to who, what ! {At ichat time.') 

Next clause? Kind? 409, 411. In what syntax as a substantive? 

411, I., 4. Do we still use this idiom? Connective? 237. Verb? 

Subject? Direct object? What combination is with the sign of? 'Kind 

of combination ? 407. Attributive combinations with schowres? — with 

. drought? What combination is to the sign of? What peculiarities of 



CHAUCER. 91 

collocation in the clause ? 494. What language is that from ? 236. Its 
phonetic elements? 76. Orthographic elements? 173, 126, 127 -f. Is 
th surd or sonant? 149. What defect has the English alphabet in re- 
gard to these sounds? 154. Has the Anglo-Saxon the same defect? 
163. How came the English to have it? Would it not be better to 
write dhat instead of that? (t:th::d: dh.) Pronominal letters in that? 
308. Other words of the same letters — article, pronouns, adverbs, con- 
junction? 217, 227, 229, 235, 236, 291, 296, 303. Natural significance 
ofth-? 236. Unabr. Gram., 167. Give Grimm's law, and apply it to 
th ! Is t in the Greek to (= the>the right letter ? Meaning of -t ? 229. 
What uses has that ? 237. Connection of thought between its use as a 
demonstrative and as a relative? — and as a conjunction? Give exam- 
ples to illustrate the connection ! (Webster's Diet.) Phonetic elements 
of Aprille ? 76. Explain the change of accent from Latin Aprilis to 
English April! 119, 10 ; 120, 1. Why should the English throw the ac- 
cent back to the beginning of words more than the Romans or French? 
Any reason from the character of the Anglo-Saxon as compared with 
the Romanic tongues ? Any from the character cf the English peo- 
ple ? Had the Anglo-Saxons a word for April ? 348. (Easter-monadh.) 
Which is most expressive, the Anglo-Saxon or the Latin word ? 348. 
Wliich best suited to poetic personification? Why does Chaucer use 
the Latin here ? 

What language is ivith from? 66. Phonetic elements? 76. Does 
the th represent the Anglo-Saxon th or dh ? What defect in orthograph- 
ic elements is suggested ? 154. Connection of thought between with 
here and in ivith-siand, ivith-hold ? Difference in use between with and 
by? From what language is his? 229. Phonetic elements? 76. Or- 
thographic? 173. What orthographic defect? 124, 2: 154 + . Pro- 
nominal letter ? 308. Other-words of same? 229, 291, 296. Meaning 
of -s? 192. Is his here masculine or neuter? Why do you think so? 
229. W^hy not feminine ? 181 +. How is schowres now spelt ? Pho- 
netic elements? 76. What Anglo-Saxon does the -es represent? 195. 
(-as.) Does Chaucer regularly make it a full syllable? (See lines 7, 9, 
11, 12, etc.) Difference between shower and storm? Present form of 
swoote ? Phonetic elements ? 76. Give the different meanings of sweet ! 
Is the radical meaning a generic conception under which all the differ- 
ent uses are subsumed ? What is it, then ? What words akin through 
the Lat. suavis ? Connection of thought with suasion, assuage^QY-suade ? 
Difference between suavity and sweetness? Natural significance of sw? 
Unabr. Gram., 167. Why are April showers called sweet? Phonetic 



92 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

The drought of Marche hath perced to the roote, 

Scan the second line ! Caesura where ? How many syllables in Marche t Can you 
tell by the meter? (Not certainly : unaccented e final is regularly elided before hath.) 
Is it found elsewhere March? (Yes; 6128, 7364, 10361.) What is elision? 495. Is 
the letter which is said to be elided wholly silent or lightly glided over ? Which is 
more harmonious here, a light -e or none ? How many syllables in perced f — in roote ? 
v. 425, 13389.- Roote rhymes with what ? Does it afford a reason for the use of swoote 
instead of swete ? Are all the feet pure iambics ? Does to have emphasis ? 

elements of the? 76. Orthographic ? 127 +. Does the th represent the 
Anglo-Saxon th or dh ? 163. Pronominal letters ? 308. Other words 
of same ? 308. Origin of the definite article ? 217, 218. What is meant 
by one : an : : that : the : : Lat. ille : Fr. le : : Lat. unus : Fr. unf Why 
should articles be found only in the later stages of language ? 218. Pho- 
netic elements of drought ? 76. Orthographic? 173. What defects of 
the English alphabet are suggested ? 124. Other English words of the 
same root as dry « Anglo-Saxon V drug or Vdrig)? What Anglo- 
Saxon letter does the English ou represent ? (u.) Explain the presence 
of the silent gh ! Which are root letters ? Which termination ? 313, 5, 
b. What is Grimm's law to change English letters to Latin or Greek ? 
App. C. What kind of letter is d— labial, palatal, or lingual ? 80. Why 
so called ? Name the labials ! Is d smooth, middle, or rough ? Which 
part of the law applies to it? (" Middle to rough.") What is the 
rough lingual ? Connection of thought between dry and thermometer ? 
Other words from Gr. V ther ? Grimm's law to change English to Ger- 
man? App. C. What letter does it give for d? What for g? Has 
Ger. V troch in trochnen the right letters for Anglo-Saxon V drug ? What 
Anglo-Saxon letter corresponds to the Lat. t in torrid (<Lat. Ytorr)? 
What German letter? Is d right in Ger. durrf — th in the Engl, thirst? 
Is this the same root as that of dry ? (No ; only similar : to be com- 
pared, not confounded.) Phonetic elements of of? 76. Orthographic? 
173. What defects of alphabet suggested ? 124. From what language 
is of? 66, 332, 5. Root letter ? Other propositions or adverbs of same 
letter ? 297, 299, 326, 327, 332. Connection of thought between of and 
off? — and fro ?— forth, fore ? Natural significance of/f Unabr. Gram. , 
167, XI. Erom what language is Marche? 348. Phonetic elements? 
76. Orthographic? 173. Why does r modify the preceding vowel 
sound? 147. Alphabetic defects suggested by ch? 81, III., 124. From 
which sounds in Lat. Martins does the ch come ? Explain the change ! 
What was the Anglo-Saxon name of this month ? 348. Any church 



CHAUCER. 93 

word from this Anglo-Saxon name ? Which is more expressive, Lenct- 
monadh or March? Why has March superseded Lenct-monadh? 41-43. 
Other English words spelt March ? Are they akin ? Other accidental 
coincidences in English words — e. (7., What does tender mean? 341. 
Analyze hath perced; parse hath alone ; perced alone ! The direct ob- 
ject of hath alone ? Was the perfect tense usually expressed in Latin 
and Greek by a perfect participle and auxiliary? (No. Unabr. Gram., 
329.) Was it ever so expressed? (See Lat. Diet, habeo ; Gr. Diet, t'xw.) 
Give a history of the growth and establishment of this mode of expres- 
sion in the modern languages ? (Grimm, D. G., iv., 153+ ; Diez, Gram. 
Rom. Spr., ii., 109 + .) What is the connection of thought between the 
meaning of the words separately and their meaning as a perfect tense, 
when the participle is transitive ? — when it is intransitive ? Is this use 
of intransitive perfects logical? (Latham, Engl. Lang., ii., 399 + .) 
How is hath formed from have? 273. By what figure? 110. Its root? 
Termination? 273, 251, 5. From what language is perce? (Fr. percer 
<M. Lat. pertusare <Lat. pertundere, pp. jiertus-us.) Phonetic ele- 
ments? 76. Orthographic? 127+. How spelt now? Explain the 
change ! Has the old pronunciation disappeared ? What proper names 
akin ? Is the imperfect -ed in perced sl full syllable in Chaucer ? When 
pronounced in one syllable what change of sound in -d? 86, 87. Is 
this change euphonic or necessary ? Why? 85. Connection of thought 
between per- and pierce? 326, 17. Distinction between pierce and bore? 
— and perforate ? — and penetrate ? — and prick ? Phonetic elements of 
to? 76. Root letter? Is it pronominal? 308. Its natural signifi- 
cance ? Unabr. Gram., 167. Grimm's law to change English to Latin ? 
App. C. What kind of letter is t — labial, palatal, or lingual ? Why so 
called ? Name the Unguals ? Is t smooth, middle, or rough ? Which 
part of the law applies to it? ("Smooth to middle.") What is the 
middle lingual ? Is d (in Lat. ad, to) the right letter ? Which note in 
370 describes the use of the here? Phonetic elements of roote? 76. 
When did the -e become silent? 46, 47. Is boot a perfect rhyme to 
root? 484 + . Repeat the questions just now asked about Grimm's law 
and its application to t in root; what Latin letter corresponds to En- 
glish t ? Is the d right in Lat. rad-ix ? What English words akin to 
root through Lat. radix ? Connections between root and liquorice ? Give 
grammatical equivalents for drought and to the root ! 412. Is the drought 
to be thought of as having a root ? What rhetorical forms here ? 429 + . 
Next clause? Kind of clause? 409, 410. Co-ordinate with what 
clause? Connective? Verb? Subject? Direct object ? Whatcom- 



94 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

And bathud every veyne in swich licour, 

Scan the third line! Caesura where? Is -ud a syllable? The third foot has how 
many syllables ? What is it called? 4S3. Are the two last syllables of every used as 
a half foot by Shakespeare? (See before, page Q&) — by more modern poets? Give quo- 
tations containing it ! How many syllables in veyne ? Can you tell certainly from 
this line ? Is it elsewhere two syllables ? Is -e elided here ? Why ? Which syllable 
in licour has the accent? It rhymes with what ? 

bination is in the sign of? Does in licour complete or extend the predi- 
cate ? 408. Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause ? 408. From 
what language is and? 44, 303. Is d the right letter for the Latin t (in 
et, and) in English or in German ? (Grimm's law.) What is the Ger- 
man? (Und.) In exhibiting the kinship of awe? with Latin et (Gr. en, 
Sansc. ati), what is said of the n ? Is its insertion frequent ? (Yes ; 321. 
Grimm, D. G., 3, 272.) Does it prevent the regular variation of the 
d? (Yes; Grimm, D. G., 3, 272.) Is the Latin et used in English? 
What does etc. stand for? Phonetic elements. of bathud? What An- 
glo-Saxon is -we? from? (-de?.) Explain the change from Anglo-Saxon 
baedhod to bathud! — to bath-ed ! — to bathed! Is the monosyllabic char- 
acter of the English derived from the Anglo-Saxon? 95. Whence is it 
then ? Is the orthographic change to th a defect ? 163. Old form 
of every? 242. Its composition? 242. Distinction between every and 
each? — and all? Phonetic elements of veyne? 76. Orthographic ele- 
ments? 127 + . From what language is it? «Fr. veine <Lat. vena.) 
Is the French ei regular for Latin e? (Yes ; Diez, R. G., 1, 419.) Fr. -e 
<Lat. -a? (Yes; Diez, R. G., 1, 179.) Difference between vein and 
artery ? Why should vein displace the Anglo-Saxon vuht and aedre, and 
lancet displace Anglo-Saxon aedre-seax? 43,37,38. Are the doctors 
still fond of new words from Latin and Greek ? Phonetic elements of 
in ? 76. What alphabetic defects suggested by it ? 124, 81, 4. How is 
the long sound corresponding to i in in usually written ? In how many 
ways can it be written ? 153, 5. Give words corresponding to in in other 
languages ! 326, 327, 332. Difference between in and into? — and with- 
in? Phonetic elements in swich? 76. Explain the change to such! 
Derivation ? 242. Composition of Anglo-Saxon svile, Goth, svaleiks ? 
(Anglo-Saxon sva, so-\- lie, like.) Analogous forms in other languages? 
(Gr. tk-Xik-oq, Lat. ta-lis, etc. Grimm, D. G., 3, 48.) How many pho- 
netic elements may ch represent? 135. What Anglo-Saxon letter does 
it take the place of? 163, 242. Is the tendency common to all speech 
to glide from c (=&) to ch, to sh, to c (=s) ? 135. Give examples cf it 



CHAUCER. 95 

Of which vertue engendred is the flour ; — 

Scan the fourth line! Caesura where? How is vertue accented? It retains the ac- 
cent of what language ?— like what words before ? Can you tell from this line whether 
-e in vertue is a syllable ? Why not ? What is the fourth foot ? Is is emphatic ? 

in words derived from Latin and Greek? Phonetic elements of licour? 
76. Explain the change of accent in liquor ! 98. Why has the spell- 
ing liquor come into use? Does it agree with the sound, or is it a re- 
vival of the Latin ? Is Chaucer's -ou> a regular change for Fr. -eu- in 
liqueur, from Lat. -o- in liquor? (Diez, 1, 148.) Which letters in liquor 
are root ? Which termination ? Other words of the same root ? Dis- 
tinction between liquor and fluid? 

Next clause? Kind? 411. It describes what noun ? Verb? Sub- 
ject? What combination is of the sign of? Does of which vertue com- 
plete or extend the predicate? 408. What kind of adjunct is it? 408. 
Give a grammatical equivalent for it! 412 + . — for engendred is! — in 
swich licour ? Distinction between of here and in line second ? Con- 
nection of thought ? Which is nearer the primary sense ? (See above, 
page 92.) Phonetic elements of which? 76. Orthographic? Its pro- 
nominal letters? 308. What word in the first line is akin? What 
questions were asked about that ? What is which from ? (Anglo-Saxon 
hvilc.) What is the force of the -ch < Anglo-Saxon -Ic? « Anglo- 
Saxon -#c> Engl, -like, -&/.) Other words in English of same termina- 
tion ? 242. Analogous forms in other languages ? (Ger. welch, Gr. -kt\- 
Xlkoq, Lat. qualis. Grimm, D. G., 3, 48 + .) What peculiarity in the 
use of which here ? Does it mean whose or which hind of? Do the En- 
glish vulgar still use which in anomalous ways? (See, e. g. y Dickens.) 
What is suggested about the origin of vulgarisms ? (Before, page 52.) 
Phonetic elements of vertue? 76. Its derivation? 327, IV. English 
words allied through Lat. vir, a man ? Connection of thought between 
virtue here and vir ? What remarks on national character are suggested 
by the meanings of Lat. virtus, It. virtu, Engl, virtue? (16 + . Trench, 
Study of Words.) Why should our word of this sense be Norman? 
62, 63. Did it probably come through the natural philosophers or the 
priests ? Is it in the Bible ? (Mark, v. , 30 ; Phil., iv. , 8.) Phonetic el- 
ements of engendred? 76. What sound had g in Latin and Anglo-Sax- 
on? Before what letters has the sound changed? 138. Has any other 
consonant changed before the same letters? 135. Why should these 
changes occur before e and i more than before a or o? What is the 



96 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

5. Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth 

Scan the fifth line ! Caesura where ? Some of the manuscripts have it after eek 
(spelt eke); in that case, how many syllables in eket How scan the line? Which is 
more harmonious here for the second foot, -irus or -irus eek? Might both occur in 

Milton or Shakespeare as well as Chaucer ? What foot like the latter on page 24? 

page 42? Is eek elsewhere one syllable? (Yes; v. 41, 96, and often.)— two syllables? 
(Not in the Prologue, but sometimes as a rhyme, 4479, 5136.) How many syllables in 
swete f (Before, v. 1.) What does breeth rhyme with ? What kind of foot is the sec- 
ond ?— the third ? 

change oi-dre to -der called? 110, IX. Root letters of engendred? 319, 
4. Prefix? 327, IX. Formative suffix ? 324, 2. Termination? Whence 
the inserted -d? 110, V. Give other examples! {Tender <Lat. tener ; 
gender ; cinder ; Gr. dvdpoc, etc.) Make a rule for it ! (Diez, R. G., 1, 
206. Greek Gram.) Explain it from the position of the organs utter- 
ing n before r ! Analyze is engendred; parse is alone ; engendred alone! 
Is the passive of other languages formed in a similar way? What 
tenses in Latin are plainly so ? What other way of denoting the pas- 
sive in French? In Latin? Greek? How should a reflective pass 
into a passive sense? Which kind of verbs in 286 best illustrate the 
change? Phonetic elements of is? What alphabetical defect? 170, 
124. Derivation ? 274, III. Repeat questions upon the from page 92 ! 
Which note in 370 describes its use here? Phonetic elements of flour? 
76. Are they the same as those of flower? Which has the better or- 
thographic elements ? Derivation? «Fr. % /?e«r <Lat.y?os, geu.flor-is.') 
Is Engl, ou regular for Fr. eu and Lat. of (Before, licour.') Connec- 
tion of thought between flower and flour? How late is the separation 
of these two words ? (Before, page 60.) Distinction between flour and 
meal? Flower and blossom and bloom ? 

Next clause? Kind? 411. It modifies what verb? It represents 
what kind of an adverb ? Its verb ? Subject ? Direct object ? What 
does eek combine with? What combination is with the sign of? — in the 
sign of? For what sentence is and heeth abridged? Attributive com- 
binations with breeth ? — holte ? — croppes ? What case would breeth take 
in Latin ?— what holte ? — croppes ? Has whan occurred before ? What 
questions undecided there does this line help to answer ? From what 
language is Zephirus? Phonetic elements? 76. Are the Roman let- 
ters here those regularly used for the Greek letters in Zecpvpog ? What 
English from it? Connection of thought between the wind and the 
cloth so named ? Would a wind from this direction have these proper- 



CHAUCER. 97 

Enspirud hath in every holte and heeth 

Scan the sixth line ! Caesura where ? Is -ud a syllable ? Is holte two syllables ? 
Any foot not a pure iambus ? What is the fourth ? 

ties every where? Where does it? Why? How is eek spelt now? 
Which is better, eek or eke? 165. Why? Its derivation? « Anglo- 
Saxon edc.) Difference in use now between eke and also? What other 
English word spelt eke? Connection of thought? Grimm's law to 
change English to Latin ? What kind of letter is k — labial, lingual, or 
palatal? Name the palatals ! Is k smooth, middle, or rough ? Which 
part of the law applies to it? ("Smooth to middle.") What is the 
middle palatal ? Is g in Lat. augeo (augment) the right letter ? Has 
with occurred before ? Repeat the questions ! Has his occurred before ? 
Repeat the questions ! Has swete occurred before ? Repeat the ques- 
tions on swoote ! What of the spelling in old books and manuscripts ? 
What was the first standard of orthography recognized in England ? 
When was Johnson's Dictionary printed ? Derivation of breeth ? (< An- 
glo-Saxon brcedh, odor, reek.) Connection of thought with broth ? An- 
alyze enspirud hath ; parse enspirud alone ; hath alone ! How much of 
enspirud is root ? « Lat. Vspir, breathe.) Prefix? 326, 327. Which 
is used now, the Latin or Romanic form ? What is the termination ? 
Origin of -ud? (< Anglo-Saxon -6d.) Connection of thought between 
the primary meaning and the theological? Other words from same 
root ? Connection of thought between V spir and spirit ? Distinction 
between inspire and inspirit ? — and animate ? What questions upon hath 
were asked before ? — upon in ? — every ? Does in mean the same as in 
verse third? Derivation of holte? « Anglo-Sax. holt : Ger. holz.) Do 
words ending in a consonant ever assume the syllable -e in Chaucer? 
(Often.) How is it explained? Do the oblique cases have a syllable 
more than the nominative? (Yes.) Does the word used in modern 
languages often come from the oblique forms of the old word ? (Yes.) 
Why ? How many oblique cases are there ? Is any one of them used 
as often as the nominative ? Are all together used much oftener ? Give 
examples from the Latin! Why serm.on <Lat. sermo ?— patent <Lat. 
patens? (So Ital. radice <Lat. radix, Ital. libertate <Lat. libertas, Ro- 
maic \afi7rdda <Gr. XafiTrdg, etc.) Is holte here an oblique case? Is 
the orthography certain ? (No : the manuscripts given by Guest both 
have holt.) Do you think holt or holte better ? Why ? Is holt still in 
use? Why should "holt and heath" live longer than holt alone? 491. 

E 



98 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne 

Scan the seventh line ! Caesura where ? How many syllables in croppes ? Does 
plural -es usually make a syllable ? What example before ? How many syllables in 
yonge? "The definite form of monosyllabic adjectives ends in Chaucer in -e" — what 
is meant by the u definite form ?" (When the adjective is preceded by the definite ar- 
ticle, by any other demonstrative, or by a possessive pronoun.) What reason for tins 
-et (The Anglo-Saxon adjective has a special declension when definite, many forms 
of which end in -a?i> old English -ew> -e.) What kind of foot is the third ? 

"What effect has alliteration in giving currency to proverbs and other 
phrases? Give illustrations! Latin for and? Phonetic elements of 
heeth? Which orthography is better, heeth or heath? 165. What name 
for the ee? 165. Do heath and breath now rhyme? 484:+. Are the 
vowel sounds of the Anglo-Saxons exactly known ? (No.) — of the time 
of Chaucer? (No.) Was there much variety in the pronunciation of 
different places ? — and persons ? (Yes.) Is this a natural consequence 
of a mixture of races and languages ? Why ? What is believed to be 
the sound of the Anglo-Saxon ae ? (Like e in there, fluctuating to a in 
fate.} What other words of the same root as heath ? Its connection of 
thought with heathen ? What other word illustrates the same connec- 
tion ? Difference of meaning between heathen and pagan ? — and gentile ? 
Which note in 370 describes the use of the here ? Phonetic elements 
of tendre? 76. What figure is the change of -dre to -der? 110. Are 
the phonetic elements the same ? (No.) Has the change of sound from 
Er. -re to Engl, -er usually been denoted by change of spelling ? Give 
other examples ! Is this change made in all similar cases ? How about 
theater <the'dtre, center <centre, meter? What lexicographer gives -er 
in these words ? Should he be followed ? If not, why not ? 166-170. 
How is this termination written in Anglo-Saxon? (Before, page 33.) 
In the old classic English? (Before, pages 87, 36, 33.) In German? 
(Sweater.) In Latin? (Hexameter.) Is the d in tendre <Lat. tener 
emphatic or euphonic? Rule? (Before, verse 4.) Phonetic elements 
in croppes ? 76. Is more than one p articulated ? Why more than one 
printed ? 165. What is the root ? — termination ? What Anglo-Saxon 
termination does -es represent? 195. Is it a syllable in Chaucer? 
(Verses 1, 9, 14, etc.) Is there any English word of the same meaning 
as croppes? Why should the Anglo-Saxons need such a word more 
than we? 

Next clause ? Kind ? Co-ordinate copulative with what ? Connect- 
ive? Verb? Subject? Direct object? 360. Is course an object or 



CHAUCER. 99 

Hath in the Ram his halfe cours i-ronne, 

Scan the eighth verse! Csesura where? Is the first foot a pure iambus? Any 
other foot which is not ? How many syllables in halfe t Is it of the definite declen- 
sion? (Before, verse 7.) Why? What does ironne rhyme with? Is it a single or 
double rhyme ? 486. 

effect ? What is meant by a cognate objective ? Ram combines with 
what? Kind of combination? 407. Is it an adjunct of time, place, 
manner, or cause ? 408. Grammatical equivalent for yonge sonne ? — 
for in the Ram ? — for halfe cours ? Translate the whole clause into sci- 
entific statement ! Is the same time described here as in the two first 
lines? What questions have been asked about and? — the? Phonetic 
elements in yonge? 76. — orthographic? What alphabetic defects are 
suggested by young? 154 -K Root of yonge? Termination? What 
Anglo-Saxon does the -e represent ? (The definite declension in Anglo- 
Saxon is different from that given in 209 ; the nominative singular mas- 
culine ends in -a.) What other languages have a peculiar definite de- 
clension for the adjective ? What is the peculiarity of this declension ? 
(The use of n in the endings of all the cases. In Anglo-Saxon it is rath- 
er an absence of declension ; all distinctions are blunted into a nearly 
uniform -an ; in Semi-Saxon [Layamon] this has further weakened to a 
uniform -e, though the adjective is pretty fully declined when alone.) 
Why should the endings fall away in this use first ? Does the article it- 
self show the case ? Are the adjective and noun taken together like a 
compound noun ? Phonetic elements of sonne ? 76. Which is peculiar 
to the English ? 131. Gender of sun ? Why ? 181, 182. Anglo-Saxon 
sunne is feminine, mona (moon) masculine — why ? (Compare before, 
page 58.) Whence the change? What questions before upon hath? 
Root of ironne? Prefix? Origin of i-f « Anglo-Saxon ge-; see 
Unabr. Gram., 339.) Has it occurred before in these extracts ? Was 
it obsolete in the time of Spenser ? Termination ? (267 ; Anglo-Saxon 
-en > -e.) What questions on in before ? — on the ? Meaning of Ram 
here ? Connection of thought between this and the primary meaning ? 
Why is Aries used now instead ? What adverb of the same pronom- 
inal letter as his ? 308. Phonetic elements of halfe ? 76. What ortho- 
graphic defects? 124. Is the /of any use? Grimm's law to change 
English to German? (App. C.) WTiat kind of letter is /-labial, lin- 
gual, or palatal? Name the labials! Is /smooth, middle, or rough? 
Which part of the law applies to it ? What is the middle labial ? Is b 



100 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

And smale fowles maken melodie, 

Scan the ninth verse! Caesura where? How many syllables in smale? Why? 
(The plural of monosyllabic adjectives ends regularly in -e.) Was the ending the 
same in Anglo-Saxon ? 209. Why should monosyllables hold their inflections longer 
than other words ? How many syllables in foiules ? What Anglo-Saxon termination 
does -es here represent? 195. How many syllables in maken? — in melodie? Is any 
foot not a pure iambus ? 

right in German halb ? How much of halfe is root ? Termination ? 
Of what declension is -e the regular termination in monosyllables in 
Chaucer? (Before, page 98.) Phonetic elements of cours ? 76. What 
orthographic defects suggested by course ? 124, 135, 130, etc. Deriva- 
tion of cours? (<Fr. cours <Lat. curs-us <cwrr-o, pp. curs-us, run.) 
Other English words of the same root? Is Fr. ou <Lat. u regular? 
(Yes ; Diez, K. G., .1, 155.) Why is jus dropped? 195, 196. How are 
the relations expressed in modern languages which used to be expressed 
by case-endings ? 298. Which are more precise, prepositions or case- 
endings ? Is the natural progress of thought from indefinite notions to 
more precise perceptions and judgments? How was this natural prog- 
ress aided in French and English by the mixture of nations ? Is it ea- 
sier to learn the radical part and meaning of words or the inflections? 
How does this fact affect language when strange nations mix ? (Marsh, 
E. L., 367.) Is Engl, course from Fr. cours or Fr. course <M. Lat. 
cursa ? 

Next clause? Kind? Co-ordinate with what? 410. Connective? 
Verb ? Subject ? Direct object ? Is d in and right for Latin t in el 
according to Grimm's law ? (Before, page 94.) Phonetic elements of 
smale? Orthographic defects in our present spelling of it? 124. Why 
11? 165. Root of smale ? Termination? 209. Difference between small 
and little? Phonetic elements in fowles? 76. Orthographic defects in 
present spelling? 124. By what figures is fowl made from Anglo-Sax- 
on fugel? 110. Difference now between fowl and bird? Does fowl 
mean bird in the Bible? Give examples! On what principle came 
fowl to be specially applied to the gallinaceous tribe ? Illustrate from 
the use of Bible (=book), deer (=wild animal), venison (= hunting) ! 
Explain how bird « Anglo-Saxon brid, brood, young of birds) came to 
have its present general sense ! Which diminutive force has bird, en- 
dearment or contempt ? 343. Why should a word of endearment grow 
into more and more use for the winged race? (Compare poultry, pigeon, 
etc. ; also look at Concordances of Shakespeare and the Bible to see 



CHAUCER. 101 

10. That slepen al the night with open yhe, 

Scan the tenth line ! C£esura where ? 483. How many syllables in yhe ? It rhymes 
with what ? 

in what connections bird is used, and in what fowl.") Root of maken? 
Termination? 252. How late is plural -en found? 47. What other 
terminations of the present tense, plural number, in Chaucer? {-eth [-ith, 
-th] and -e.) What was the Anglo-Saxon form? Q-ath in the indica- 
tive.) Whence the -en? (In Anglo-Saxon the subjunctive present has 
-an (-era), and the imperfect indicative has -on, subjunctive -on, -enS) 
Why should the th be driven out by these forms ? Was it hard to pro- 
nounce ? (The Normans could not sound it well.) What has displaced 
it in the singular ? In what sense does Chaucer use making on page 
89 ? What analogy in-formation between poet and maker, the old word 
for it? Relation between make and machine? Phonetic elements of 
melodie? 76 What does it rhyme with? What traces of the -ie in 
modern English ? 184, III. The stem of me lodie ? Termination ? (-e.) 
Roots? Is mellifluous akin? — melasses? What words akin through 
Voed? 330. Difference between melody and harmony? Why should 
w T ords of this sense not come from Anglo-Saxon ? 43. What words 
connected with music and poetry are from the Anglo-Saxon? What 
inferences about the Anglo-Saxon and English musicians and poets? 

Next clause? Kind? 409, 411. It describes what noun? Connect- 
ive ? 376. Verb ? Subject ? Does night complete or extend the pred- 
icate ? 408. Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause ? 408. What 
preposition would express the relation between it and sleepen ? Which 
is better, to use a preposition, or not ? Why ? 360, VII. What the 
case and syntax of night in Latin ? — in Greek ? Is a preposition used 
in these languages? What kind of combination is sleepen -{-yhe? 407. 
What kind of adjunct is yhe ? 408. How would it be expressed in Lat- 
in ?— Greek ?— German ? What attributive combinations in this clause ? 
406. What questions have been asked about that? (Before, page 91.) 
Natural significance of th? 228. Explain the transition from a demon- 
strative to a relative ! Phonetic elements of sleepen ? 76. What or- 
thographic expedient? 165. Root? Termination? Has this termin- 
ation occurred before? Distinction between sleep and slumber? — and 
doze? — drouse? — nap?— repose? Phonetic elements of al? Explain// 
in all! 165, 5. Distinction between all and every? Etymological con- 
nection between all and lonely ? What questions upon the before ? How 



102 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

So priketh. hem nature in here corages :— 

Scan the eleventh line! Caesura where? Why after nature rather than hem? 
How many syllables in nature? Which is accented? What figure? 495. When is a 
final vowel elided in Chaucer ? How many syllables in here ? Is it a monosyllable 
elsewhere ? (Yes ; 32, 1018, and eveiy where.) Which syllable in corages is accented ? 

does all the night differ from all night? Phonetic elements of night? 76. 
Orthographic defects? 124. Why retain g? 165. Why h? 166. Grimm's 
law to change English to Latin ? App. C. Does 7i represent a labial, 
lingual, or palatal? App. C. What are the palatals? Is h for the 
smooth, middle, or rough ? Which part of the law applies to it ? What 
is the smooth palatal ? Is c in Latin noct-is right ? What English from 
this Latin stem? Difference between nightly and nocturnal? What is 
suggested of the Anglo-Saxon mode of reckoning time by fortnight, sen- 
night? Grimm connects nigh with night — i. e., that which draws nigh, 
the impending, the swift-coming, Qor} vv% — Homer ; to whom and when 
would such a conception of night be the naturaj one ? What questions 
before on with ? What number is open ? Has the plural a case-ending 
-e, as in smale, verse 9 ? Why should monosyllables retain their term- 
inations longer than other words ? Stem of open? Eoot? What prep- 
osition of same root? Connection of thought between up and open? 
What other derivatives in -en ? 285. Phonetic elements of yhe ? 76. 
Stem? Case-ending? From what Anglo-Saxon case-ending? (-e). 
Plural in Chaucer? (yhen ; 184, VI.). Grimm's law to change English 
to Latin ? Which kind of letter does the h in the stem yh represent ? 
Name the palatals ! Which does h represent ? Which part of the law 
applies to it ? What is the smooth palatal ? Is c in Latin oc-ulus the 
right letter ? Give words akin to eye through the Latin ! Relation be- 
tween ocular evidence and eye-witness ? Is g in German auge the right 
letter for Latin c, English h ? (App. C.) 

Next clause ? Kind ? 410, IV. What conjunction would express 
the connection ? Verb ? Subject ? Direct object ? What does cora- 
ges combine with? In what case and syntax would it be in Latin? — in 
Greek ? Grammatical equivalent for in here corages ? — for so priketh ? 
Translate the line into scientific statement ! Pronominal letter in so? 
308. Other words of same element ? Connection of thought between 
50 and she ? Root of priketh ? Personal ending ? Whence ch in En- 
glish prick? 141, 165, 6. Natural significance of -th? 308. Is it the 
proper pronominal element to represent the third person ? What Latin 
letter should be used for it according to Grimm's law? (App. C.) Is t 



CHAUCER. 103 

Thanne longen folk to gon on pilgrimages, 

Scan the twelfth line 1 Caesura where ? How many syllables in thanne ? Is it al- 
ways one syllable in this text? (Often; not always.) Do all the manuscripts read 

thanne? (No; MS. Harl., 175S Guest, E. R., 1, 215, reads than.) Does tJian ever 

occur in this text ? (Yes.) 

in Latin amat right ? Difference between prick and pierce ? Are they 
akin? What do we now use for Ivem? Its pronominal letter? 308. 
Which case is -m the ending of? 195, 209, 236. What is the dative 
plural of he in Anglo-Saxon? 229. What Anglo-Saxon is them from? 
229, 236. Do the English personal pronouns borrow other forms from 
the Anglo-Saxon demonstratives? How is it in Latin and Greek, — do 
demonstratives pass into personals ? Explain the tendency ! Phonetic 
elements of nature? Accent where? Is it fixed in Chaucer? (No.) 
What words accented like nature before? What Latin letter does -e 
represent? (Before, page 94.) Eoot? Termination ? 324, 5, 11. Gen- 
der? 182. From what is liere? « Anglo-Saxon heora.) 229. What 
English has displaced it ? Phonetic elements of corages ? Root? Suf- 
fix? 327. Plural sign? Other words of same root? Connection of 
thought between cordial and courage? Is the -ou- in courage right for 
Latin -o-? (Before, licour, flour.') Whence French plural -s ? Is -s a 
more common plural sign in Latin or Anglo-Saxon ? (Latin.) What 
about the accent of corages compared with courage ? 

Next clause ? Kind ? 404. What does to gon combine with ? Kind 
of combination ? 408. Grammatical equivalent for to gon containing a 
predicative combination ? Phonetic elements in thanne ? From which 
pronoun is it ? 236, 291, 303. Pronominal letters ? 308. Termination ? 
From what case-ending is -nne? 236. Corresponding adverb from the 
interrogative ? 308. Meaning of when and then as accusatives of what 
and that? 360, VII. (Before, page 90.) Phonetic elements of longen? 76. 
Do you hear the o sounded oftener like o in not, or aw in law? Which 
is right? Root of longen? Personal ending? Why plural? Rule? 
Other words of same root? 319. Connection of thought between the 
adjective long and this verb ? Distinction between long and incline ? — 
and desire? Phonetic elements in folk ? 76. Why retain the If Is & 
a labial, lingual, or palatal ?— smooth, middle, or rough ? Is g in Latin 
vulg-us the right letter for it? Grimm's law? (App. C.) What words 
akin through the Latin? Connection of thought between folk and vuU 
gate ? What is the present use of folk, folks ? Why less used than for- 
merly ? What Questions about to on page 93 ? Is its meaning here the 



104 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

And palmers for to seeken straunge strondes 7 

Scan the thirteenth line ! Hotv many syllables in straunge ? What rule ? (Before, 
page 100.) 

same as there? 388, II. What case is to the sign of in Latin, Anglo- 
Saxon, etc. ? In languages with case-endings, does the infinitive take a 
dative form? 263, 389. (Bopp, § 884: + .) Is it coupled in other lan- 
guages with prepositions similar in meaning to to? (Bopp, § 880 -K) 
Does to with the infinite always have its proper meaning as a preposi- 
tion? 263. How comes it to be used with an infinitive in the nomina- 
tive ? Can you give examples of nouns or pronouns in which oblique 
cases have driven out the nominative ? (Before, p. 40, 97.) What in- 
ference in regard to the frequency with which remote objects occur ? 
Why should they so occur ? Root of gon ? Termination ? What mode 
does -n, -en indicate in Chaucer? W^hen did it cease to be used? 47. 
What other preposition of the same fundamental letter as on ? Con- 
nection of thought between in and on ? Through what classes of lan- 
guages does this preposition run? 25 + . Difference between on and 
upon ? Give uses of upon which are called Americanisms ? Is upon 
used in older English where on is now used in England ? (Before, p. 15, 
51.) What contraction of on is sometimes used? 290. What is the 
sign of the plural in pilgrimages ? From what languages is the -s of this 
word? (Before, page 103.) Are all the statements in 64 accurate ? Is 
pilgrimage a primary derivative? 320. What affix has it? 327. Mean- 
ing of -age? Derivation of pilgrim? Which are root letters? (-gr-)* 
What Anglo-Saxon letters correspond by Grimm's law? (App. C.) 
Other words from Lat. ager : Anglo-Sax. ace?-> Engl, acre ? What Lat- 
in prefix does/>z7- represent? 326, 17. What Latin suffix does -im rep- 
resent ? 324, 3, 12. Explain how these elements are put together in the 
Latin peregrinus ! Explain the change into pilgrim ! Difference be- 
tween pilgrim and palmer? — between pilgrimage and journey? — tour? — 
excursion ? 

Next clause ? Kind ? Yerb ? Subject ? What does for add to the 
sense? Is it always equivalent to in order? What similar preposition 
is used in French? (Pour.) When did for to cease to be used? Is it 
in the Bible? — in Shakespeare? (Before, page 41.) What combina- 
tion is for the sign of? — to? — the second to? Attributive combinations 
with halwes? Meaning of halwes? Other English words from same 
root? Meaning of feme halwes? (Distant saints. — Wright. Others 



CHAUCER. 105 

To ferae halwes, kouthe in sondry londes ; 
15. And specially, from every schires ende 
Of Engelond, to Canturbury they wende, 
The holy blisful martir for to seeke, 
That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke. 

Scan the fourteenth line ! How many syllables in kouthe ? Eule? Why is -e elided ? 

The fifteenth line ! How many syllables in schires t — in ende t Are both according 
to Chaucer's usage ? 

The sixteenth line! How many syllables in Engelond f — in Canterbury ?—ic ende? 

The seventeenth line ! Are all the words pronounced as now ? How many syllables 
in seeke ? 

The next line ! All the words pronounced as now ? (Before, page 104.) How many 
syllables in seeke ? How many examples have we had of a plural adjective with the 
sign -e t (Go on with similar questions through the extracts.) 

Synoptical. — How many feet are there in this extract not pure iambics ? How many 
in the same number of lines at the beginning of Paradise Lost? — of the Faery Queen? 
Is there a sufficient variety of feet for musical delight ? Does the caesura play as 
prominent a part in Chaucer as in Milton ?— or in Shakespeare ? In how many differ- 
ent places is it found in this extract ? Are the syntactical pauses well adjusted ? They 
usually fall where? Does Chaucer usually make his full stops at the end of the sec- 
ond rhyming line ? Are stcp3 at the end of the former rhyming line more frequent 
than in Pope and his successors ? What is the effect of them ? Are there more single 

have read serve halwes.*) What English of the same root as feme ? 
Connection of thought between kouthe &nd*uncouth? Why were palmers 
so called ? Mention halwes in sundry lands which were most sought at 
this time ? What record of these palmers in the word saunter ? 

Next clause ? Kind ? Verb ? Subject ? What does specially com- 
bine with ? " Attributive combinations with ende ? Connection of thought 
between specially and species ? Why should such a word be from the 
Latin ? It is a technical term of what science ? Connection of thought 
between schires and shear? — and share? — and shore? Composition of 
Engelond? — of Canterbury ? Connection between wend and went ? — blis- 
ful and blessed? — holy and halwes? — and hale? — and whole? — heal? — 
and Gr. koXoq (kalos), beautiful ? Has it right letters by Grimm's law ? 
Connection of thought between martyr and Gr. fxaprvp, a witness ? — be- 
tween seek and sake ? The older form of the infinitive seeke? (verse 13.) 

Next clause ? Kind ? What noun does it describe ? Next clause ? 
How many clauses in verse 18 ? What kind is the last ? (Before, verse 
1.) (Similar questions through the extracts.) 

E 2 



106 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

Byfel that, in that sesoun on a day, 
20. In Southwerk at the Tabbard as I lay, 
Redy to wenden on my pilgrimage 
To Canturbury with ful devout corage, 
At night was come into that hostelrie 
Wei nyne and twenty in a companye, 
25. Of sondry folk, by a venture i- falle 
In felaschipe, and pilgryms were thei alle, 
That toward Canturbury wolden ryde. 
The chambres and the stables weren wyde, 
29. And wel we weren esud atte beste. 

or double rhymes in this extract? Is their succession well managed? Point out ex- 
amples! Is the succession of vowels and consonants happily chosen? Is the rhythm 
happier in this respect than that of modern poets ? What advantage do the termina- 
tions now obsolete give ? Are they mostly vowels or other easy utterances ? Give ex- 
amples to show how they affect the flow of the verse ! Does he use elision more than 
is now common ? Give examples ! Is it probable that the vowels had in many such 
cases ceased to be heard in common conversation ? Does Chaucer much use allitera- 
tion ? Does he seem to have shunned it ? Was alliterative poetry still common in 
his time? Was Piers Ploughman still popular ? When was it written ? Did Chaucer 
much use any of the minor artifices of versifiers ? (Before, p. 32+, 72-}-, 85+.) Has 
this meter been much used by later poets ? By whom was it established as " heroic ?" 
(Dryden; Guest, E. R., 2, 239.) What did Pope do for it ? Is Pope's verse inferior to 
Chaucer's in variety? Is it superior in any respect? "As far as we have the means 
of judging, it (Chaucer's scheme of meter) was not only l auribus istius temporis ac- 
commodata,' but fulfilled every requisite that modern criticism has laid down, as either 
essential to the science, or conducive to the beauty of a versification." — Guest, E. i?., 
2, 238. 

Synoptical. — How many nouns have we found with an ending in the 
nominative singular now dropped? Has any other such ending oc- 
curred than -e ? Is there any peculiarity in the ending of the genitive 
singular ? — of the dative ? — accusative ?— of the nominative plural ? — 
of the other cases ? How many kinds of declension has the adjective ? 
How many examples of the definite declension in the extract ? What 
termination has the plural adjective ? Examples ? What peculiar forms 
of the pronouns have we met ? What endings of verbs now obsolete to 
distinguish the modes ?- — tenses ? — persons ? — numbers ? What peculiar 



CHAUCER. 107 

%i # $ # tfc Jj: 

With him ther was his sone, a yong Squyer, 
80. A lovyer, and a lusty bacheler, 
With lokkes crulle as they were layde in presse. 
Of twenty yeer he was of age I gesse. 
Of his stature he was of evene lengthe, 
And wondurly delyver, and gret of strengthe. 
85. And he hadde ben somtyme in chivachie, 
In Flaundres, in Artoys, and in Picardie, 
And born him wel, as in so litel space, 
In hope to stonden in his lady grace. 
Embrowdid was he, as it were a mede 
90. Al ful of fresshe floures, white and reede. 
Syngynge he was, or flowtynge, al the day, 
He was as fressh as is the moneth of May. 
Schort was his goune, with sleeves long and wyde. 
Wel cowde he sitte on hors, and faire ryde. 

adverbs? Prepositions? Conjunctions? Did Chaucer invent any of 
these forms ? From what language are most of them ? Is there any 
form not from the Anglo-Saxon? Are the Anglo-Saxon and Norman 
kindred tongues ? — with similar forms ? Are any endings the same in 
both? What? (Fiedler und Sachs, 1, 66. Before, p. 103.) Are the 
endings in Chaucer exactly like the Anglo-Saxon ? Do any seem to 
be a compromise between Norman and Saxon ? What ? (Marsh, E. L., 
384+ ; E. L. L., 46 + .) How many words have changed their accent ? 
Are any of them from the Anglo-Saxon ? Why should the Anglo-Sax- 
on accent so suit the English people? (Fiedler und Sachs, 1, 69+.) 
What words in this extract are not Anglo-Saxon ? What is their ratio 
to the whole number? Is it greater or less than usual in Chaucer? 
(App. B.) How does it compare with the number in Spenser ? — Shakes- 
peare ? — Milton ? — Bunyan ? Were there many reasons why Chaucer 
should use many words from the French? What reasons for using 



108 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 

95. He cowde songes wei make and endite, 
Justne and eek daunce, and welpurtray and write. 
So hote he lovede, that by nightertale 
He sleep nomore than doth a nightyngale. 
Curteys he was, lowly, and servysable, 
100. And carf byforn his fadur at the table. 

& Ji: & # & %z 

A Clerk ther was of Oxenford also. 
That unto logik hadde longe i-go. 
Al so lene was his hors as is a rake, 
290. And he was not right fat, I undertake ; 
But lokede holwe, and thereto soburly. 
Ful thredbare was his overest courtepy, 
For he hadde nought geten him yit a benefice, 
Ne was not worthy to haven an office. 
295. For him was lever have. at his beddes heed 
Twenty bookes, clothed in blak and reed, 

much or little Anglo-Saxon can you get from the place in which he 
lived ? — the time in which he wrote ? — his rank ? — his associates ? — his 
favorite authors ?- — his education, profession, habits of study ? — those for 
whom he wrote? — his themes? — his character? (Before, p. 35, 87.) 
Do the necessities of rhyming bring in many French words ? What ra- 
tio of the whole in this extract are rhymes ? Classify the rest of the 
words not Anglo-Saxon ? Are all the kinds of words mentioned in 62 ? 
What words in this extract of Anglo-Saxon origin have become obsolete 
or unfamiliar? What of Norman origin? Of all Chaucer's words, 
have more become obsolete from the Norman or Anglo-Saxon ? (An- 
glo-Saxon ; Marsh, E. L. L., 382.) Did he choose the Anglo-Saxon? 
(Yes.) — feel with the people ? — like their ways and speech ? How far 
is his diction the same as that of WyclirTe ? How far is he directly in- 
debted to the language of the Bible ? How far indirectly ? Is there a 
diction of poetry in English different from that of piety? What rela- 



CHAUCER. 109 

Of Aristotil, and of his philosophie, 
Then robus riche, or fithul, or sawtrie. 
But al though he were a philosophre, 
300. Yet hadde he but litul gold in cofre, 
But al that he might of his frendes hente, 
On bookes and his lernyng he it spente, 
And busily gan for the soules pray 
Of hem that gaf him wherwith to scolay. 
305. Of studie tooke he most cure and heede. 
Not oo word spak he more than was neede ; 
Al that he spak it was of heye prudence, 
And schort and quyk, and ful of gret sentence. 
Sownynge in moral manere was his speche, 
310. And gladly wolde he lerne, and gladly teche. 

tion have the English translations of the Bible sustained to the language 
of religion ? Has Chaucer a similar relation to the poetic diction ? 
Was Chaucer's procedure in the creation of a poetical diction similar to 
that suggested as Shakespeare's by the questions on page 71+ ? Which 
had the wider field to select from? Which had the better preparation 
for the work ? Which has done more for the English language ? How 
does their influence compare with that of the English Bible ? (Marsh, 
E. L. L., 370+ ; Dwight, -i., 136+ ; Trench, English Past and Pres- 
ent, 36.) 

Write an essay on the language of Chaucer covering the ground of 
the foregoing questions ! 



>£ B p 

• ?& 

CD B 

* g. 



p pj|x 



p to j-* -q p ct ^ w to [- 1 w to ^ p p qo ^ o w ^ p to J- 



►322. g 



1^0 






++++ + ++ + ++-H- +++++++++++++ 

ptp to 



o»b era <i ^ c» &. 

P 1 <-S CD O Q CD 

^ p § VJ S.n5 a B Si 

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fa I s fir* I 

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b al b b 



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3. ^ "" o si < 
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cococococococococo§ CCCOGOCOCOCOCOGO 

P-PPPppppPS-PPpPpppP 






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CD P 



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g:pg-§ 



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b Q 3 ^b 

g* 2 cr ai° 

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112 



APPENDIX. 



( 1. and 

2. leaning +6. 

3. upon +5.') 

4. their +5. y +2. 

5. staffs +3. 



3. 

8 



( 1. as 



C. Subordinate ad 
verbial with B. 2< 
(411, IIL, 5). 



D. 



Subordinate ad- 
verbial with C. 3 
(411, IIL, 2). 



6. they +7. 

7. asked +6. 

E. Subordinate sub- 
stantive object of 
B. 7 (411, 1, 3). 



lean 
is 

common 
with 

weary 

pilgrims 

when 

they 

stand 

to 

talk 

with 

any 

by 

the 
way 



F. Co-ordinate copu- 

lative with E < 
(410). 

G. Subordinate adjec- 

tive with F. 5 < 
(411,11.). 



1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
I 5. 
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 



+ 3. 
+ 3. 



5.7 

4.; 



+ 4 + 5. 



+ 2 + 3. 



8. >• +4 + 5. 



+ 3. 



6. 
3. 
3. 

2. 

i} 
1} 

+ 10.) 
+ 10. £• 

+ 8.) 



+ 5. 



+5. 



whose + 3. 

Delectable + 3. 
Mountains + 4, 



are 

these 

and 

whose 

be 

the 

sheep 

that 

feed 

upon 

them 



+ 3 



:} 



+5. 



+ 4+3. 



+ 3.| 

+ 2.) 

+ 5. 



+ 5. 



+ 

+ 2. 

+ 1 

+ 4 

+ 3, 



+ 2. 



:} 



+2. 



Con. 
A. 

O. Sign. 
A. 

O. Ex. 
O. Ex. 
Inf. Sign 
illogical. 
P. 
P. 
P. 

O. Sign. 
A. 

O. Ex. 
O. Ex. 
P. 
P. 

O. Sign. 
O. Ex. 
O. Sign. 
O. Ex. 
O. Sign. 
A. 

O. Ex. 
P. 
P. 
A. 
A. 
P. 
P. 

P. 

Con. 

P. 

P. 

A. 

P. 

P. 

P. 

O. Sign. 

O. Ex. 



APPENDIX B. 



(From Marsfcs Lectures on the English Language.') 

In every hundred words, counting repetitions, but not proper names, 

Robert of Gloucester, Narrative of Conquest, p. 354-364, employs of 

Anglo-Saxon words 96 

Piers Ploughman, Introduction, entire 88 

Piers Ploughman, Passus Decimus-quartus, entire 84 

Piers Ploughman, Passus Decimus-nonus and vicesimus, entire 89 

Piers Ploughman, Creed, entire 94 

Chaucer, Prologue to Canterbury Tales, first 420 verses 88 

Chancer, Nonnes Preestes Tale, entire 93 

Chaucer, Squiers Tale, entire 91 

Chaucer, Prose Tale of Melibceus, in about 3000 words 89 

Sir Thomas More, coronation of Richard III., etc., seven folio pages 84 

Spenser, Faerie Queene, Book II., Canto VII 86 

New Testament : 

John's Gospel, chap, i., iv., xvii. 96 

Matthew, chap, vii., xvii., xviii 93 

Luke, chap, v., xii., xxii 92 

Romans, chap. ii. , vii., xi. , xv. 90 

Shakespeare, Henry IV., Part I., Act II 91 

Shakespeare, Othello, Act V , 89 

Shakespeare, Tempest, Act 1 88 

Milton, L'AUegro 90 

Milton, II Penseroso 83 

Milton, Paradise Lost, Book VI 80 

Addison, several numbers of Spectator 82 

Pope, First Epistle, and Essay on Man 80 

Swift, Political Lying 68 

Swift, John Bull, several chapters 85 

Swift, Four last years of Queen Anne, to end of Sketch of Lord 

Cowper 72 

Johnson, Preface to Dictionary, entire 72 

Junius, Letters XII. and XXIII 76 

Hume, History of England, general Sketch of Commonwealth, form- 
ing conclusion of chap, lx 73 

Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vol. i., chap, vii 70 



114 APPENDIX. 

"Webster, Second Speech on Foot's Resolution, entire .. 75 

Webster, Eulogy on Massachusetts in same Speech 84 

Webster, Peroration of same Speech 80 

Irving, Stout Gentleman . 85 

Irving, Westminster Abbey 77 

Macaulay, Essay on Lord Bacon 75 

Channing, Essay on Milton 75 

Cobbett, on Indian Corn, chap, xi 80 

Prescott, Philip II., B. I., c. ix 77 

Bancroft, History, vol. vii. , Battle of Bunker Hill 78 

Bryant, Death of the Elowers 92 

Bryant, Thanatopsis 84 

Mrs. Browning, Cry of the Children 92 

Mrs. Browning, Crowned and Buried 83 

Mrs. Browning, Lost Bower 77 

Robert Browning, Blougram's Apology 84 

Everett, Eulogy on J. Q. Adams, last twenty pages 76 

Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, Period II., chap, i 73 

Tennyson, The Lotus-Eaters 87 

Tennyson, In Memoriam, first twenty poems 89 

Ruskin, Modern Painters, vol. ii., Part HI., sec. ii., chap. v= Of the 

Superhuman Ide al 73 

Ruskin, Elements of Drawing, first six exercises 84 

Longfellow, Miles Standish, entire 87 

Martineau, Endeavors after the Christian Life, IH. Discourse 74 

If we examine the words in the verbal indexes, and count no repeti- 
tions, we find that the total vocabulary of the Ormulum has in every 
hundred words ninety-seven Anglo-Saxon ; the English Bible sixty ; 
Shakespeare nearly the same ; Milton, in his poetical works, less than 
thirty-three. These are the only English books to which Mr. Marsh 
was able to find complete indexes. 



© 



APPENDIX C. 



Grimm's Law — Grimm, D. G.,L, 584; Geschichte D. Sprache, 394 -f ; 
Unabr. Gram., § 161, 162. 

GOTH. AND ENGL. LAT. AND GEEEK. GERMAN. 

Smooth. Middle. Rough. 

Labials P = B = Ph(F). 

Linguals T = D - Th(Z). 

Palatals K(C) = G = Ch(H). 

GOTH. AND ENGL. LAT. AND GEEEK. GERMAN. 

Middle. Rough. Smooth. 

Labials B = Ph(F) = P.* 1 

Linguals D = Th = T. 

Palatals G = Ch(H) = K. 

GOTH. AND ENGL. LAT. AND GEEEK. GEEMAN. 

Rough. Smooth. Middle. 

Labials Ph(F) = P = B(V). 

Linguals Th -= T = D. 

Palatals Ch(H) = K(C) = G. 

Rule 1. — To Change English to Latin or Greek. 
Change each smooth mute to its cognate middle, each middle to 
its cognate rough, and each rough to its cognate smooth. 

Rule 2. — To Change English to German. 
Change each smooth mute to its cognate rough, each rough to 
its cognate middle, and each middle to its cognate smooth. 



APPENDIX D. 



The left-hand column has the numbers of the sections in Fowler's 
Grammar used in the body of this work ; the right-hand column the 
corresponding sections in his large work — The English Language in its 
Elements and Forms. 



1 


1 


36 


61 


71 


112 


106 


155 


141 


197 


2 


2 


37 


63 


72 


113 


107 


157 


142 


198 


3 


3 


38 


64 


73 


114 


108 


158 


143 


199 


4 


4 


39 


66 


74 


115 


109 


159 


144 


200 


5 


5 


40 


69 


75 


116 


110 


160 


145 


201 


6 


* 


41 


70 


76 


118 


111 


163 


146 


202 


7 


7 


42 


71 


77 


120 


112 


164 


147 


203 


8 


8 


43 


73 


78 


121 


113 


168 


148 


204 


9 


9 


44 


78 


79 


122 


114 


169 


149 


205 


10 


10 


45 


79 


80 


124 


115 


170 


150 


206 


11 


11 


46 


80 


. 81 


125 


116 


171 


151 


207 


12 


12 


47 


81 


82 


129 


117 


172 


152 


208 


13 


14 


48 


82 


83 


131 


118 


173 


153 


209 


14 


16 


49 


84 


84 


132 


119 


174 


154 


210 


15 


17 


50 


85 


85 


133 


120 


175 


155 


211 


16 


18 


51 


87 


86 


134 


121 


176 


156 


212 


17 


19 


52 


88 


87 


135 


122 


177 


157 


213 


18 


20 


53 


89 


88 


136 


123 


178 


158 


215 


19 


21 


54 


90 


89 


137 


124 


179 


159 


216 


20 


22 


55 


91 


90 


138 


125 


181 


160 


217 


21 


23 


56 


93 


91 


139 


126 


182 


161 


218 


22 


24 


57 


94 


92 


140 


127 


183 


162 


219 


23 


25 


58 


95 


93 


141 


128 


181 


163 


220 


24 


27 


59 


98 


94 


143 


129 


185 


164 


221 


25 


31 


60 


99 


95 


144 


130 


186 


165 


222 


26 


34 


61 


100 


96 


145 


131 


187 


166 


223 


27 


35 


62 


101 


97 


146 


132 


188 


167 


225 


28 


36 


63 


102 


98 


147 


133 


189 


168 


228 


29 


44 


64 


103 


99 


148 


134 


190 


169 


229 


30 


46 


65 


105 


100 


149 


135 


191 


170 


230 


31 


47 


66 


107 


101 


150 


136 


192 


171 


236 


32 


48 


67 


108 


102 


151 


137 


193 


172 


237 


33 


55 


68 


109 


103 


152 


138 


194 


173 


238 


34 


56 


69 


110 


104 


153 


139 


195 


174 


239 


35 


57 


70 


111 


105 


154 


140 


196 


175 


240 



176 


241 


224 


293 


272 


344 


320 


397 


368 


494 


177 


243 


225 


296 


273 


345 


321 


398 


369 


495 


178 


244 


226 


297 


274 


346 


322 


400 


370 


496 


179 


245 


227 


298 


275 


347 


323 


401 


371 


497 


180 


246 


228 


299 


276 


348 


324 


402 


372 


498 


181 


247 


229 


300 


277 


349 


325 


403 


373 


499 


182 


249 


230 


301 


278 


350 


326 


404 


374 


500 


183 


250 


231 


302 


279 


351 


327 


405 


375 


501 


184 


251 


232 


303 


280 


352 


328 


406 


376 


502 


185 


252 


233 


304 


281 


353 


329 


409 


377 


503 


186 


253 


234 


306 


282 


354 


330 


410 


378 


504 


187 


254 


235 


307 


283 


355 


331 


411 


379 


505 


188 


255 


236 


308 


284 


356 


332 


412 


380 


506 


189 


256 


237 


309 


285 


357 


,333 


413 


381 


507 


190 


258 


238 


310 


286 


358 


334 


414 


382 


508 


191 


259 


239 


311 


287 


359 


335 


415 


383 


509 


192 


260 


240 


312 


288 


360 


336 


416 


384 


510 


193 


261 


241 


313 


289 


361 


337 


417 


385 


511 


194 


262 


242 


314 


290 


362 


338 


418 


386 


512 


195 


263 . 


243 


315 


291 


363 


339 


419 


387 


513 


196 


264 


244 


316 


292 


365 


340 


420 


388 


514 


197 


265 


245 


317 


293 


366 


341 


421 


389 


515 


198 


266 


246 


318 


294 


367 


342 


422 


390 


517 


199 


267 


247 


319 


295 


368 


343 


423 


391 


518 


200 


268 


248 


320 


296 


369 


344 


424 


392 


519 


201 


269 


249 


321 


297 


370 


345 


425 


393 


520 


202 


270 


250 


322 


298 


371 


346 


434 


394 


521 


203 


271 


251 


323 


299 


372 


347 


435 


395 


522 


204 


272 


252 


324 


300 


375 


348 


436 


396 


523 


205 


273 


253 


325 


301 


377 


349 


437 


397 


524 


206 


274 


254 


326 


302 


378 


350 


437* 


398 


525 


207 


275 


255 


327 


303 


379 


351 


476 


399 


526 


208 


- 276 


256 


328 


304 


380 


352 


478 


400 


527 


209 


277 


257 


329 


305 


381 


353 


479 


401 


528 


210 


278 


258 


330 


306 


382 


354 


480 


402 


529 


211 


280 


259 


331 


307 


383 


355 


481 


403 


530 


212 


281 


260 


332 


308 


385 


356 


482 


404 


531 


213 


282 


261 


333 


309 


386 


357 


483 


405 


532 


214 


283 


262 


334 


310 


387 


358 


484 


406 


533 


215 


284 


263 


335 


311 


388 


359 


485 


407 


534 


216 


285 


264 


336 


312 


389 


360 


486 


408 


535 


217 


286 


265 


337 


313 


390 


361 


487 


409 


536 


218 


287 


266 


338 


314 


391 


362 


488 


410 


537 


219 


288 


267 


339 


315 


392 


363 


489 


411 


538 


220 


289 


268 


340 


316 


393 


364 


490 


412 


540 


221 


290 


269 


341 


317 


394 


365 


491 


413 


541 


222 


291 


270 


342 


318 


'395 


366 


492 


414 


542 


223 


292 


271 


343 


319 


396 


367 


493 


415 


543 



118 








APPENDIX. 










416 


544 


446 


585 


476 


615 


506 


645 


536 


675 


417 


545 


447 


586 


477 


616 


507 


646 


537 


676 


418 


546 


448 


587 


478 


617 


508 


647 


538 


677 


419 


547 


449 


588 


479 


618 


509 


64:8 


539 


678 


420 


548 


450 


589 


480 


619 


510 


649 


540 


679 


421 


549 


451 


590 


481 


620 


511 


650 


541 


680 


422 


550 


452 


591 


482 


621 


512 


651 


542 


681 


423 


551 


453 


592 


483 


622 


513 


652 


543 


682 


424 


552 


454 


593 


484 


623 


514 


653 


544 


683 


425 


564 


455 


594 


485 


624 


515 


654 


545 


684 


426 


565 


456 


595 


486 


625 


516 


655 


546 


685 


427- 


566 


457 


596 


487 


626 


517 


656 


547 


686 


428 


567 


458 


597 


488 


627 


518 


657 


548 


687 
688 


429 


568 


459 


598 


489 


628 


519 


658 


549 


430 


569 


460 


599 


490 


629 


520 


659 


550 


689 


431 


570 


461 


600 


491 


630 


521 


660 


551 


690 


432 


571 


462 


601 


492 


631 


522 


661 


552 


691 


433 


572 


463 


602 


493 


632 


523 


662 


553 


692 


434 


573 


464 


603 


494 


633 


524 


663 


554 


693 


435 


574 


465 


604 . 


495 


634 


525 


664 


555 


694 


436 


575 


466 


605 


496 


635 


526 


665 


556 


695 


437 


576 


467 


606 


497 


,636 


527 


66Q 


557 


696 


438 


577 


468 


607 


498 


637 


528 


667 


558 


697 


439 


578 


469 


608 


499 


638 


529 


668 


559 


698 


440 


579 


470 


609 


500 


639 


530 


669 


560 


699 


441 


580 


471 


610 


501 


640 


531 


670 


561 


700 


442 


581 


472 


611 


502 


641 


' 532 


671 


562 


701 


443 


582 


473 


612 


503 


642 


533 


672 


563 


702 


444 


583 


474 


613 


504 


643 


534 


673 


564 


703 


445 


584 


475 


614 


505 


644 


535 


674 







THE END. 







ii i mi mil 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

1 1 III I Ml 111 I HI 



■ %4 



I IlLI 111 1 1 



llllllillllllllllllll 
003 235 074 4 










*♦* • 




